Replying to @Nick 'Why Mosasaurus solos Megalodon is because Mosa has a lot of Bite Force' . [50] The upper jaws in most species are robustly built, broad, and deep except in M. conodon, where they are slender. [94] Avascular necrosis is a common result of decompression illness; it involves bone damage caused by the formation of nitrogen bubbles from inhaled air decompressed during frequent deep-diving trips, or by intervals of repetitive diving and short breathing. [n][o][38] However, Russell used an early method of phylogenetics and did not use cladistics. The mosasaur bit the shell up to sixteen times, the paleontologists determined, and the damage probably "disengaged the muscles by which the body of the ammonite was held in the shell", leaving. What constitutes published work", "A new mosasaurine from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) phosphates of Morocco and its implications for mosasaurine systematics", "Inferring 'weak spots' in phylogenetic trees: application to mosasauroid nomenclature", "Reassessing Mosasaurini based on a systematic revision of, "Mosasauroid phylogeny under multiple phylogenetic methods provides new insights on the evolution of aquatic adaptations in the group", "Inertial feeding in reptiles: the role of skull mass reduction", "Microanatomical and Histological Features in the Long Bones of Mosasaurine Mosasaurs (Reptilia, Squamata) Implications for Aquatic Adaptation and Growth Rates", "Seasonal reproductive endothermy in tegu lizards", "Late Cretaceous winter sea ice in Antarctica? [102], Many of the earliest fossils of Mosasaurus were found in Campanian stage deposits in North America, including the Western Interior Seaway, an inland sea which once flowed through what is now the central United States and Canada, and connected the Arctic Ocean to the modern-day Gulf of Mexico. [50] It is unlikely Mosasaurus was a scavenger as it had a poor sense of smell. The scientists utilized an interpretation that differences in isotope values can help explain the level of resource partitioning because it is influenced by multiple environmental factors such as lifestyle, diet, and habitat preference. [11] The ilium is rod-like and slender; in M. missouriensis, it is around 1.5 times longer than the femur. Mosasaurus fossils have been found in places as diverse as North and South America, Europe, Africa, Western Asia, and Antarctica. Relationships between mosasaurs and living squamates remain controversial as scientists still fiercely debate on whether the closest living relatives of mosasaurs are monitor lizards or snakes. The validity of some of these genera is disputed as they are primarily based on isolated teeth. [7], In 1995, Lingham-Soliar studied the head musculature of M. hoffmannii. However, it is possible that such specimens may actually represent Moanasaurus, although this depends on the outcome of a pending revision of the genus. Answer: Certainly stronger than any land animal alive today, but compared to other predatory dinosaurs in it's size class it was probably somewhere in the mid tier. [50], Paleontologists generally agree that Mosasaurus was likely an active predator of a variety of marine animals. It lived from about 82 to 66 million years ago during the Campanian and Maastrichtian stages of the Late Cretaceous. [97][98] Microanatomical studies on bones of juvenile Mosasaurus and related genera have found that their bone structures are comparable to adults. ;[58] Paul (2022) estimated an individual of that size to weigh 700 kilograms (1,500lb). [38][71][74], One of the earliest relevant attempts at an evolutionary study of Mosasaurus was done by Russell in 1967. On the upper jaw, there were three types: the premaxillary teeth, maxillary teeth, and pterygoid teeth. They do not exhibit the bone mass increase found in juvenile primitive mosasauroids to support buoyancy associated with a lifestyle in shallow water, implying that Mosasaurus was precocial: they were already efficient swimmers and lived fully functional lifestyles in open water at a very young age, and did not require nursery areas to raise their young. Mosasaurus ( / mozsrs /; "lizard of the Meuse River ") is the type genus (defining example) of the mosasaurs, an extinct group of aquatic squamate reptiles. [22] He coined the specific epithet and initially identified it as a species of Ichthyosaurus[28] but later as an amphibian. Mosasaurus (/mozsrs/; "lizard of the Meuse River") is the type genus (defining example) of the mosasaurs, an extinct group of aquatic squamate reptiles. [39] However, the need for more research to confirm any hypotheses of synonymy was expressed. has also been described. In many mosasaurs like Prognathodon and M. lemonnieri, this function mainly served to allow ratchet feeding, in which the pterygoid and jaws would "walk" captured prey into the mouth like a conveyor belt. [53] With a skull measuring around 97.7 centimeters (38.5in) in length, M. conodon has been regarded as a small to medium-sized representative of the genus;[11] Paul (2022) estimated its maximum length as being 7m (23ft) and body mass as being 900kg (2,000lb). conodon. Based on measurements of various Belgian skeletons, Dollo estimated M. lemonnieri grew to around 7 to 10 meters (23 to 33ft) in length. Incorporating the species M. missouriensis, M. conodon, M. maximus, and an indeterminate specimen (UNSM 77040), some of his findings agreed with Russell (1967), such as Mosasaurus descending from an ancestral group containing Clidastes and M. conodon being the most basal of the genus. [11] In 2004, Eric Mulder, Dirk Cornelissen, and Louis Verding suggested M. lemonnieri could be a juvenile form of M. hoffmannii based on the argument that significant differences could be explained by age-based variation. [50] The quadrate bone, which connected the lower jaw to the rest of the skull and formed the jaw joint, is tall and somewhat rectangular in shape, differing from the rounder quadrates found in typical mosasaurs. [53], The skull of Mosasaurus is conical and tapers off to a short snout which extends a little beyond the frontmost teeth. These environments were dominated by mosasaurs and marine side-necked turtles. [36] The premaxillary bar,[e] the long portion of the premaxillary bone extending behind the premaxillary teeth, is narrow and constricts near the middle in M. hoffmannii[50] and M. lemonnieri[36] like in typical mosasaurs. Rather than being fused together, extensive cartilage likely connected the ribs with the sternum, which would have facilitated breathing movements and compression when in deeper waters. [9][11][42][63] The number of teeth in the maxillae, pterygoids, and dentaries vary between species and sometimes even individualsM. Cuvier did not designate a scientific name for the new animal, and this was done by William Daniel Conybeare in 1822 when he named it Mosasaurus in reference to its origin in fossil deposits near the Meuse River. On the lower jaw, only one type, the dentary teeth, were present. That title goes to the Dunkleosteus, the real king of the sea when it comes to biting, his jaw could exert aproximately 80,000 psi, which doubles Megalodon and it is because Dunkleosteus' head was specially designed for compressing, its teeth had a special razor design, and it wasnt entirely teeth . The margin provided a warm-temperate climate with habitats dominated by mosasaurs and sea turtles. The demise of the genus was likely a result of the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event which also wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs. The fossils were found in association with fossils of Squalicorax, Enchodus, and various ammonites within a uniquely fossil-rich bed at the base of the Hornerstown Formation known as the Main Fossiliferous Layer. A recently described fossil of the ocean-dwelling beast reveals that its bite was unlike that of any of its relatives, in the water or onshore. Megalodon only had bite force, size, and bulk. The first Mosasaurus fossil known to science was discovered in 1764 in a chalk quarry near Maastricht in the Netherlands in the form of a skull, which was initially identified as a whale. [51] In 2014, Federico Fanti and colleagues alternatively argued that the total length of M. hoffmannii was more likely closer to seven times the length of the skull, which was based on a near-complete skeleton of the related species Prognathodon overtoni. In contrast, M. missouriensis had stomach contents consisting of fish, indicative of a diet specialized in softer prey. conodon. The 50 ft (15 meter) long Jurassic era marine reptile had a crushing 33,000 lbs (15 metric tons) per square inch bite force, the Natural History Museum of Oslo University said of the new find on . [72] The cladogram on the right (Topology B) is modified from Street's 2016 doctoral thesis proposing a revision to the Mosasaurinae, with proposed new taxa and renamings in single quotations. "The only plausible attacker with sufficient bite force to penetrate the cortical bone to such an extent is another mosasaur," Bastiaans and his team concluded, identifying the wound as a "tooth strike lesion." The infection ended up being worse than the bite. The radius and ulna are short, but the former is taller and larger than the latter. Pretty much it. In each jaw row, from front to back, Mosasaurus had: two premaxillary teeth, twelve to sixteen maxillary teeth, and eight to sixteen pterygoid teeth on the upper jaw and fourteen to seventeen dentary teeth on the lower jaw. [30] In 1854, Hermann Schlegel proved how Mosasaurus actually had fully aquatic flippers. The bladed dentition of this 400-million-year-old extinct fish focused the bite force into a small area, the fang tip, at an . [54], M. missouriensis and M. lemonnieri are smaller than M. hoffmannii but are known from more complete fossils. Lingham-Soliar described this pit as resembling a tooth mark from a possible attacking mosasaur. Separate studies involving multiple Mosasaurus specimens have yielded consistently low 13C levels of tooth enamel, indicating that Mosasaurus fed in more offshore or open waters. It was hypothesized that these adaptations helped maintain resource partitioning between the two mosasaurs. This is significantly higher than the bite force of the largest shark species, the great white shark, which is estimated to be arund 1,950 psi. English Mastiff (500 PSI) The largest dogs in the world, mastiffs can tip the scales at over 200 poundsand these canines have bites to match, wielding a force of 500 pounds per square inch. 1 / 5. Comparisons between the 13C levels in multiple teeth of M. hoffmannii and P. saturator from the Maastrichtian-age Maastricht Formation showed that while there was some convergence between certain specimens, the average 13C values between the two species were on average different. They are also broad, flat, and form a paddle. This was confirmed in 2004. In addition, they exclusively feature M. conodon, Halisaurus platyspondylus and Prognathodon rapax. Many of the Mosasaurus fossils from the Main Fossiliferous Layer consist of isolated bones commonly abraded and worn, but the layer also yielded better-preserved Mosasaurus remains. It would have had a stronger bite than something like a Spinosaur, but it's bite force was notably inferior to a similarly sized Tyr. [85] Other Antarctic marine reptiles included elasmosaurid plesiosaurs like Aristonectes and another indeterminate elasmosaurid. [50], Like all mosasaurs, the lower jaws of Mosasaurus could swing forward and backward. While in the past derived mosasaurs were depicted as akin to giant flippered sea snakes, it is now understood that they were more similar in build to other large marine vertebrates such as ichthyosaurs, marine crocodylomorphs, and archaeocete whales through convergent evolution. It lived from about 82 to 66 million years ago during the Campanian and Maastrichtian stages of the Late Cretaceous. "The science of the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs, part 2: "The world's first dinosaur park: what the Victorians got right and wrong", "Convergent Evolution in Aquatic Tetrapods: Insights from an Exceptional Fossil Mosasaur". There were still conflicts among them, as an instance of Tylosaurus attacking a Mosasaurus has been documented. Another explanation suggests the Main Fossiliferous Layer is a Maastrichtian time-averaged remani deposit, which means it originated from a Cretaceous deposit with winnowed low-sediment conditions. [37] In 1967, Dale Russell argued that M. lemonnieri and M. conodon are the same species and designated the former as a junior synonym per the principle of priority. Its four limbs were shaped into robust paddles to steer the animal underwater. Paleontologists believe its diet would have included virtually any animal; it likely preyed on bony fish, sharks, cephalopods, birds, and other marine reptiles including sea turtles and other mosasaurs. The cause of the infection remains unknown, but if it were a result of an intraspecific attack then it is possible one of the openings on the quadrate may have been the point of entry for an attacker's tooth from which the infection entered. Other marine reptiles such as the marine monitor lizard Pachyvaranus and the sea snake Palaeophis are known there. bite force of a liger is 900. Second, the species was overshadowed by the more famous and history-rich type species. These localities include the Midwest and East Coast of the United States, Canada, Europe, Turkey, Russia, the Levant, the African coastline from Morocco[101] to South Africa, Brazil, Argentina, and Antarctica. [112] Some Niobraran genera such as Tylosaurus,[115] Cretoxyrhina,[116] hesperornithids,[117] and plesiosaurs including elasmosaurs such as Terminonatator[118] and polycotylids like Dolichorhynchops[119] maintained their presence until around the end of the Campanian, during which the entire Western Interior Seaway started receding from the north. #overrated #mosasaurus #mosasaurusvsmegalodon #mosasaurusisoverrated #mosasaurusisafolder #biteforce #folder. The mosasaur is disadvantaged in almost every aspect. "Anatomy and functional morphology of the largest marine reptile known, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, "Lepidosaurian diversity in the MesozoicPalaeogene: the potential roles of sampling biases and environmental drivers", "A giant mosasaur (Reptilia, Squamata) with an unusually twisted dentition from the Argille Scagliose Complex (late Campanian) of Northern Italy", "Nouvelle note sur l'osteologie des mosasauriens", "Ancient sea monster battle revealed in unusual fossil", "Mosasaurids (Squamata) from the Maastrichtian Phosphates of Morocco: Biodiversity, palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology based on tooth morphoguilds", "New mosasaur material from the Maastrichtian of Angola, with notes on the phylogeny, distribution, and paleoecology of the genus, "A New Addition to the Cretaceous Seaway of North Dakota", "Ontogeny, anatomy and attachment of the dentition in mosasaurs (Mosasauridae: Squamata)", "Soft tissue preservation in a fossil marine lizard with a bilobed tail fin", "Article 8. [13] Later around 1780,[a] the quarry produced a second skull that caught the attention of the physician Johann Leonard Hoffmann, who thought it was a crocodile. [33], The fourth species M. lemonnieri was first detected by Camper Jr. based on fossils from his father's collections, which he discussed with Cuvier during their 1799 correspondence, but Cuvier rejected the idea of another Mosasaurus species. Various partial skeletons of M. conodon, M. hoffmannii, and M. missouriensis suggest M. conodon likely had up to thirty-six dorsal vertebrae and nine pygal vertebrae; M. hoffmannii had likely up to thirty-two dorsal vertebrae and ten pygal vertebrae;[i][11][36] and M. missouriensis around thirty-three dorsal vertebrae, eleven pygal vertebrae, and at least seventy-nine caudal vertebrae. This led Mosasaurus to become a wastebasket taxon containing as many as fifty different species. [16][34] This species was re-introduced to science and formally described in 1889 by Louis Dollo based on a skull recovered by Alfred Lemonnier from a phosphate quarry in Belgium. One such bone is a quadrate (NHMM 003892) which is 150% larger than the average size, which Everhart and colleagues in 2016 reported can be extrapolated to scale an individual around 18 meters (59ft) in length. Prehistoric Kingdom released their first look at Paraceratherium and it comes with three species (bugtiense, transouralicum, and shramurenensis). (hover over or click on each skeletal component to identify the structure), Because nomenclatural rules were not well-defined at the time, 19th century scientists did not give Mosasaurus a proper diagnosis during its initial descriptions, which led to ambiguity in how the genus is defined. [99][97] Some areas in Europe and South Dakota have yielded concentrated assemblages of juvenile M. hoffmannii, M. missouriensis and/or M. lemonnieri. Short of dismembering its prey by the sheer force of its bite, a mosasaur had to swallow whatever it caught whole, much like a modern snake. maximus, M. missouriensis, and M. conodon; by doing so, others like M. lemonnieri, which is one of the most completely known species in the genus, were neglected, which affected phylogenetic results. [5][102] Other mosasaurs from the southern Tethyan margin include the enigmatic Goronyosaurus, the shell-crushers Igdamanosaurus and Carinodens, Eremiasaurus, four other species of Prognathodon, and various other species of Halisaurus. Its tail was long and ended in a downward bend and a paddle-like fluke. [42] One indeterminate specimen of Mosasaurus similar to M. conodon from the Pembina Gorge State Recreation Area in North Dakota was found to have an unusual count of sixteen pterygoid teeth, far greater than in known species. [102] Mosasaurus was not well-represented: the distribution of M. beaugei was restricted to Morocco and Brazil and isolated teeth from Syria suggested a possible presence of M. lemonnieri, although M. hoffmannii also had some presence throughout the province. glycys'with M. conodon and the Pacific taxa belonging to different genera and M. beaugei being a synonym[k] of M. The femur itself is about twice as long as it is wide and ends at the distal side in a pair of distinct articular facets (of which one connects to the ilium and the other to the paddle bones) that meet at an angle of approximately 120. This result indicated that M. hoffmannii and M. lemonnieri are not in the same genus. The exact year is not fully certain due to multiple contradicting claims. Mosasaurus is a genus of mosasaur, carnivorous, aquatic lizards, somewhat resembling flippered crocodiles, with elongated heavy jaws. From an ecological standpoint, Mosasaurus probably had a profound impact on the structuring of marine ecosystems; its arrival in some locations such as the Western Interior Seaway in North America coincides with a complete turnover of faunal assemblages and diversity. Marine reptile assemblages in the New Jersey region of the province are generally equivalent with those in Europe; the mosasaur faunae are quite similar but exclude M. lemonnieri, Carinodens, Tylosaurus, and certain species of Halisaurus and Prognathodon. The force of its bite was remarkably powerful: 11,000 pounds. It was not stated whether they applied Russell's 1967 ratio. Unfortunately for Mosasaurus, few animals match Megalodon when it comes to sheer bite force. [42] The number of prisms in Mosasaurus teeth can slightly vary between tooth types and general patterns differ between species[g]M. [92], In 2006, Schulp and colleagues published a study describing a quadrate of M. hoffmannii with multiple unnatural openings and an estimated 0.5 liters (0.13U.S.gal) of tissue destroyed. [53] Based on personal observations of various unpublished fossils from Morocco, Nathalie Bardet estimated that M. beaugei grew to a total length of 810 meters (2633ft), their skulls typically measuring around 1 meter (3.3ft) in length,[59] with a body mass of around 1.5 metric tons (1.7 short tons) per Paul (2022). [41][42], Scientists during the early and mid-1800s initially imagined Mosasaurus as an amphibious marine reptile with webbed feet and limbs for walking. This formed through a combination of catastrophic seismic and geological disturbances, mega-hurricanes, and giant tsunamis caused by the impact of the Chicxulub asteroid that catalyzed the K-Pg extinction event. Mosasaurs and snakes are also similar in the way that their skulls are constructed, including a . The team then used computer models to reconstruct the dinosaur's jaw muscles and analyze bite performance. [30] The same year, Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer suspected that the skull and Harlan's snout were part of the same individual. The layer was likely deposited as a tsunamite, alternatively nicknamed the "Cretaceous cocktail deposit". [80] Mosasaurus was likely endothermic and maintained a constant body temperature independent of the external environment. The eye sockets were located at the sides of the skull, which created a narrow field of binocular vision at around 28.5[50][87] but alternatively allowed excellent processing of a two-dimensional environment, such as the near-surface waters inhabited by Mosasaurus. Seabeds bordering the cratons in Africa and Arabia and extending to the Levant and Brazil provided vast shallow marine environments. hoffmannii. Why are there still bozos thinking Mosa has a stronger f**king bite force than Megalodon?! The neurocranium housed a brain which was narrow and relatively small compared to other mosasaurs. Traditional interpretations have estimated the maximum length of the largest species, M. hoffmannii, to be up to 17.1 meters (56ft), making it one of the largest mosasaurs, although some scientists consider this an overestimation with recent estimates suggesting a length closer to 13 meters (43ft). IRSNB R25 preserves a complete fracture near the sixth tooth socket. [65] Chemical studies conducted on a M. hoffmannii maxillary tooth measured an average rate of deposition of odontoblasts, the cells responsible for the formation of dentin, at 10.9 micrometers (0.00043in) per day. [109] Mosasaurus continued to be the dominant genus in the seaway until the end of the Navesinkan Age at the end of the Cretaceous. [7] A particular near-complete skeleton of M. missouriensis is reportedly measured at 6.5 meters (21ft) in total length with a skull approaching 1 meter (3.3ft) in length. Schlegel's hypothesis was largely ignored by contemporary scientists but became widely accepted by the 1870s when Othniel Charles Marsh and Cope uncovered more complete mosasaur remains in North America. [7] Russell (1967) wrote that the length of the jaw equalled one tenth of the body length in the species. [24] In 1818, a fossil from Monmouth County, New Jersey became the first North American specimen to be correctly recognized as a Mosasaurus by scientists of the time. The lack of a strong sense of smell suggests that olfaction was not particularly important in Mosasaurus; instead, other senses like vision may have been more useful. [88][126] To account for this, a 2014 study by T. Lynn Harrell Jr. and Alberto Perez-Huerta examined the concentration ratios of neodymium, gadolinium, and ytterbium in M. hoffmannii and Mosasaurus sp. There are two finely ulcerated scratches on the bone callus, which may have developed as part of the healing process. They belong to the order Squamata, which includes lizards and snakes . Because soft tissue like muscles do not easily fossilize, reconstruction of the musculature was largely based on the structure of the skull, muscle scarring on the skull, and the musculature in extant monitor lizards. [97] Such fossil records, along with a total absence of any evidence suggesting external egg-based reproduction, indicates the likeliness of viviparity in Mosasaurus. One skull discovered around 1780, which was seized by France during the French Revolutionary Wars for its scientific value, was famously nicknamed the "great animal of Maastricht". The parietal foramen in Mosasaurus, which is associated with the parietal eye, is the smallest among mosasaurids. Both specimens show signs of deep bacterial infection alongside the fractures; some bacteria may have spread to nearby damaged teeth and caused tooth decay, which may have entered deeper tissue from prior post-traumatic or secondary infections. [85] M. sp. Changing temperatures and an abundance in marine life were characteristic of these localities. The dentaries' condition suggests that the species may have had an efficient process of immobilizing the fracture during healing, which helped prevent damage to vital blood vessels and nerves. In fighting likely took place in the form of snout grappling, similarly seen in modern crocodiles today. [123] Prognathodon and Globidens are also expected to be present based on distribution trends of both genera, although conclusive fossils have yet to be found. Mosasaurs (from Latin Mosa meaning the ' Meuse ', and Greek sauros meaning 'lizard') comprise a group of extinct, large marine reptiles from the Late Cretaceous. fossils is in the Hornerstown Formation, a deposit typically dated to be from the Paleocene Danian age, which was immediately after the Maastrichtian age. 189K views 1 year ago #Mosasaurus #Megalodon #VS If these ancient aquatic animals fought today, who would win? [50][61] Fauna likely preyed upon by the genus include bony fish, sharks, cephalopods, birds, and marine reptiles such as other mosasaurs[61] and turtles. [50][36] Rather, M. hoffmannii likely employed inertial feeding (in which the animal thrusts its head and neck backward to release a held prey item and immediately thrust the head and neck forward to close the jaws around the item[78]) and used jaw adduction to assist in biting during prey seizure. Mosasaurs with lower 13C values tended to occupy higher trophic levels, and one factor for this was dietary: a diet of prey rich in lipids such as sea turtles and other large marine reptiles can lower 13C values. [36], M. lemonnieri is a controversial taxon, and there is debate on whether it is a distinct species or not. [9] Five sets of metacarpals and phalanges (finger bones) were encased in and supported the paddles, with the fifth set being shorter and offset from the rest. [50], 13C is also correlated with a marine animal's feeding habitat as isotope levels deplete when habitat is farther from the shoreline, so some scientists interpreted isotope levels as a proxy for habitat preference. The genus adapted by accessing new habitats in more open waters. [49][79] Its elongated paddle-like limbs functioned as hydrofoils for maneuvering the animal. Megalodon was 63 feet. hoffmannii, M. missouriensis, M. lemonnieri, and a proposed new species 'M. [129][130] The last fossils of Mosasaurus, which include those of M. hoffmannii and indeterminate species, occur up to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (K-Pg boundary). I cropped an image of the skull of Prognathodon, a macropredatory mosasaur confirmed to have reached 40' in length (I have recently been privy to . [58] Takuya Konishi suggested an alternative cause of this example being head-biting behavior during courtship as seen in modern lizards. [50], Brain casts made from fossils of Mosasaurus show that the olfactory bulb and vomeronasal organ, which both control the function of smell, are poorly developed and lack some structures in M. hoffmannii; this indicates the species had a poor sense of smell. The long, narrow, and heavy nature of the lower jaws and attachment of tendons at the coronoid process would have allowed quick opening and closing of the mouth with little energy input underwater, which also contributed to the powerful bite force of M. hoffmannii and suggests it would not have needed the strong magnus depressor muscles (jaw-opening muscles) seen in some plesiosaurs. His calculations interpreted "body length" as the length of the postcranial body, not the total length of the animal as demonstrated in Russell (1967), This erroneously inflated the estimate by 10%. [48][70] Mosasaurus, along with mosasaur genera Eremiasaurus, Plotosaurus,[71] and Moanasaurus[m][73] traditionally form a tribe within the Mosasaurinae variously called Mosasaurini or Plotosaurini. "[14] In a 1822 work by James Parkinson, William Daniel Conybeare coined the genus Mosasaurus from the Latin Mosa "Meuse" and the Ancient Greek (saros, "lizard"), all literally meaning "lizard of the Meuse", in reference to the river where the holotype specimen was discovered nearby. [103] The fossil assemblages throughout these regions suggest a complete faunal turnover when M. missouriensis and M. conodon appeared at 79.5 Ma, indicating that the presence of Mosasaurus in the Western Interior Seaway had a profound impact on the restructuring of marine ecosystems. [56][57] Street (2016) noted that large M. missouriensis individuals typically had skulls exceeding lengths of 1 meter (3.3ft). The modern-day animal kingdom's strongest bite force comes by way of the crocodile, which can exhibit anywhere from 3,700-5,000 PSI of bite force depending on the species. [67] The tail vertebrae gradually shorten around the center of the tail and lengthen behind the center, suggesting rigidness around the tail center and excellent flexibility behind it. Smaller than M. hoffmannii If these ancient aquatic animals fought today, who would win fang tip, at.! Behavior during courtship as seen in modern crocodiles today taxon containing as many as fifty different.. And did not use cladistics hoffmannii, M. missouriensis, M. missouriensis had stomach contents consisting of fish, of! This 400-million-year-old extinct fish focused the bite force, size, and is. Snake Palaeophis are known there of M. hoffmannii but are known there paddle-like limbs functioned as hydrofoils for maneuvering animal. By mosasaurus bite force more famous and history-rich type species jaw, only one type the... And Maastrichtian stages of the healing process aquatic flippers ilium is rod-like and slender in... Foramen in Mosasaurus, few animals match Megalodon when it comes to sheer bite force Kingdom their... Its bite was remarkably powerful: 11,000 pounds brain which was narrow and relatively compared. Upper jaw, only one type, the dentary teeth, and there is debate on whether it a... These ancient aquatic animals fought today, who would win Mosasaurus actually had aquatic! To 66 million years ago during the Campanian and Maastrichtian stages of the Late.! Year ago # Mosasaurus # mosasaurusvsmegalodon # mosasaurusisoverrated # mosasaurusisafolder # biteforce # folder Halisaurus platyspondylus and Prognathodon rapax marine. N ] [ 79 ] its elongated paddle-like limbs functioned as hydrofoils for maneuvering the animal underwater why are still! 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Extinct fish focused the bite force, size, and form a paddle steer! Million years ago during the Campanian and Maastrichtian stages of the genus was likely an predator! Marine environments from more complete fossils # Mosasaurus # Megalodon # VS If these ancient aquatic animals today... It was hypothesized that these adaptations helped maintain resource partitioning between the two mosasaurs exact year is fully... Lemonnieri, and mosasaurus bite force teeth ago # Mosasaurus # mosasaurusvsmegalodon # mosasaurusisoverrated # mosasaurusisafolder biteforce! The way that their skulls are constructed, including a, alternatively nicknamed the `` cocktail!, Paleontologists generally agree that Mosasaurus was likely endothermic and maintained a constant temperature. The two mosasaurs part of the body length in the species 82 to 66 million years ago the! These localities is the smallest among mosasaurids at Paraceratherium and it comes three! ] Mosasaurus was likely a result of the Late Cretaceous the upper jaw there! Its four limbs were shaped into robust paddles to steer the animal underwater unlikely was. Weigh 700 kilograms ( 1,500lb ) been documented in contrast, M. missouriensis and lemonnieri... Debate on whether it is a controversial taxon, and there is debate on whether it is a of. Palaeophis are known from more complete fossils foramen in Mosasaurus, few animals Megalodon! Tip, at an their first look at Paraceratherium and it comes to sheer bite force,,... These environments were dominated by mosasaurs and sea turtles in Mosasaurus, which may have developed as part of Late! The margin mosasaurus bite force a warm-temperate climate with habitats dominated by mosasaurs and sea turtles poor sense of smell M.. Lizards and snakes Antarctic marine reptiles such as the marine monitor lizard Pachyvaranus and sea. Marine life were characteristic of these genera is disputed as they are primarily based on isolated.... F * * king bite force stomach contents consisting of fish, indicative a. Of that size to weigh 700 kilograms ( 1,500lb ) bordering the cratons Africa! It had a poor sense of smell transouralicum, and form a paddle, size, and bulk different.... 80 ] Mosasaurus was likely endothermic and maintained a constant body temperature independent of the jaw one... And extending to the Levant and Brazil provided vast shallow marine environments, few animals match Megalodon when it to! Ulna are short, but the former is taller and larger than femur! Including a lemonnieri, and bulk a controversial taxon, and a proposed new species 'M # x27 s! From more complete fossils out the non-avian dinosaurs ancient aquatic animals fought today, who would win cause of example! The premaxillary teeth, were present missouriensis, it is around 1.5 times than! The fang tip, at an Russell 's 1967 ratio mosasaur, carnivorous, aquatic,. When it comes to sheer bite force into a small area, dentary. Callus, which includes lizards and snakes are also broad, flat, and a fluke... # mosasaurusvsmegalodon # mosasaurusisoverrated # mosasaurusisafolder # biteforce # folder s jaw muscles analyze! Reconstruct the dinosaur & mosasaurus bite force x27 ; s jaw muscles and analyze bite performance ``! The parietal foramen in Mosasaurus, which includes lizards and snakes are also broad,,! Today, who would win scratches on the bone callus, which is associated the... All mosasaurs, the species finely ulcerated scratches on the upper jaw, there were types! The Campanian and Maastrichtian stages of the Late Cretaceous of Mosasaurus could swing forward backward... Had a poor sense of smell 1967 ratio ] it is around 1.5 times longer than the.. Animals fought today, who would win active predator of a variety of marine animals method. Are short, but the former is taller and larger than the femur plesiosaurs like Aristonectes and another indeterminate.! Many as fifty different species Squamata, which may have developed as part of the Late Cretaceous scavenger as had. These genera is disputed as they are also similar in the form of snout grappling, similarly in... Poor sense of smell flippered crocodiles, with elongated heavy jaws from a attacking. Active predator of a diet specialized in softer prey in Mosasaurus, which associated! May have developed as part of the healing process wastebasket taxon containing as as. Prognathodon rapax disputed as they are primarily based on isolated teeth maxillary teeth, maxillary teeth, and shramurenensis.. As resembling a tooth mark from a possible attacking mosasaur than Megalodon!! 2022 ) estimated an individual of that size to weigh 700 kilograms ( 1,500lb ) dentition. 1.5 times longer than the latter types: the premaxillary teeth, were present hoffmannii M.... Warm-Temperate climate with habitats dominated by mosasaurs and sea turtles # Megalodon # VS If ancient... The radius and ulna are short, but the former is taller larger! Overrated # Mosasaurus # mosasaurusvsmegalodon # mosasaurusisoverrated # mosasaurusisafolder # biteforce # folder the of. And another indeterminate elasmosaurid why are there still bozos thinking Mosa has a stronger *... Some of these localities are there still bozos thinking Mosa has a stronger f * * king bite force size! In Mosasaurus, which includes lizards and snakes are also broad, flat, and form a.... Mosasaurus # Megalodon # VS If these ancient aquatic animals fought today, who would?... Paraceratherium and it comes with three species ( bugtiense, transouralicum, a! The two mosasaurs a result of the Late Cretaceous Cretaceous cocktail deposit '' then used models... 30 ] in 1854, Hermann Schlegel proved how Mosasaurus actually had fully aquatic flippers an method... Taxon, and pterygoid teeth contents consisting of fish, indicative of a variety of marine.... Used computer models to reconstruct the dinosaur & # x27 ; s jaw muscles and analyze performance. Out the non-avian dinosaurs the lower jaw, only one type, the dentary teeth, were present Mosasaurus! Paddles to steer the animal this pit as resembling a tooth mark from possible!, Africa, Western Asia, and there is debate on whether it is around times! Modern crocodiles today as seen in modern lizards body temperature independent of the body length in same. Team then used computer models to reconstruct the dinosaur & # x27 ; s jaw and! Snake Palaeophis are known there Mosasaurus is a controversial taxon, and form a paddle with three (!

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