This increase could be a response to ROS generated in the chloroplasts or in the mitochondria. 48, 17701775. Vogel, K., and Barber, A.A. (1968). Identifying what control mechanisms make E. gracilis so efficient in producing -tocopherol could lead to strategies for the modification of higher plants to increase their -tocopherol yields. 6, 8493. Ferment. However, at present, most studies only extract the paramylon of E. gracilis, which is a waste of resources.In this study, a method of sequential extraction of lipid and paramylon from E. gracilis was studied, and the extraction conditions were optimized. Immunol. Sci. 22, 739745. Carbohydrate Polymers 196, 339347. The performance of paramylon in this study was as effective as or more effective than two commercially available -glucan products for animal feed that were derived from yeast (Levine et al., 2013). Received: 28 December 2018; Accepted: 29 April 2019; Published: 15 May 2019. Immunomodulation and anti-cancer activity of polysaccharide-protein complexes. Oral delivery and gastrointestinal absorption of soluble glucans stimulate increased resistance to infectious challenge. Curr. Comparison of the methods for determining degree of polymerization of water-insoluble -1,3-glucans. Sci. Eng. Anti-HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) activity of sulfated paramylon. A solution to this problem could be the genetic modification (GM) of E. gracilis to improve biomass and/or bioproduct yields. In an RNAi experiment, the latter enzyme has been shown to be essential for the ascorbate-dependent growth of the organism. The 8-desaturase of Euglena gracilis: an alternate pathway for synthesis of 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids. 30, 367373. Alternatively, the reversal of the equilibrium reaction of the LBP/-1,3-GP (see Figure 3) has been proposed as a way of synthesising short-chain -1,3-glucans, using initially glucose and subsequently glucose-1-phosphate as substrates (Kitaoka et al., 1993; Kuhaudomlarp et al., 2018). Biotechnol. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.11.014, Sugiyama, A., Hata, S., Suzuki, K., Yoshida, E., Nakano, R., Mitra, S., et al. doi: 10.1007/s00449-015-1363-1. 23, 12231228. The deduced amino acid sequence of the cDNA shows 79%, 79%, 79% and 80% similarity to human, mouse, Danio rerio MMAAs and M. extorquens MeaB, respectively. Nutr. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.004, Plante, O.J., Palmacci, E.R., and Seeberger, P.H. Anti-fibrotic effect of paramylon nanofibers from the WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis on liver damage induced by CCl4 in mice. (2018b). doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2006.tb09818.x, Ogawa, T., Tamoi, M., Kimura, A., Mine, A., Sakuyama, H., Yoshida, E., et al. Fuel 80, 747756. (2010). Lohr, M., Schwender, J., and Polle, J.E.W. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2007.01.002, Ritala, A., Hkkinen, S.T., Toivari, M., and Wiebe, M.G. (2015). Isolation and characterization of a starchless mutant of Chlorella pyrenoidosa STL-PI with a high growth rate, and high protein and polyunsaturated fatty acid content. J. doi: 10.1186/s12870-015-0698-8, Keshavarz, B., and Khalesi, M. (2016). Ultrastructural changes during carbon starvation in Euglena gracilis. (2018). 7, 715729. (2004). Univ. WEs can be used directly as biodiesel, whereas FAs must be processed first by esterification with an alcohol to yield WEs. Euglena gracilis has considerable biotechnological potential and great adaptability, but exploitation remains hampered by the absence of a comprehensive gene catalogue. It has already been used on a commercial scale for ingredients in foods and cosmetics and has undergone research in other fields too. They respond to light with photophobic responses, photokinesis and phototaxis, all of which can result in accumulations of the organisms in suitable habitats. PLoS ONE 13, 114. 36, 111. Andrologia 50:e13088. Microalgae-based carbohydrates for biofuel production. In an alternative approach, genes encoding single enzymes of the E. gracilis PUFA synthesis pathway have been incorporated into PUFA pathways of other organisms to improve the quality of their FA profiles. Single-cell analysis of morphological and metabolic heterogeneity in Euglena gracilis by fluorescence-imaging flow cytometry. Nuclear transformation of the versatile microalga Euglena gracilis. 58, 532538. Euglena gracilis is rich in nutrients and high-value metabolites. doi: 10.1007/s00253-008-1443-0, Furuhashi, T., Ogawa, T., Nakai, R., Nakazawa, M., Okazawa, A., Padermschoke, A., et al. doi: 10.1023/a:1008187514624, Barsanti, L., and Gualtieri, P. (2018). Recently, Khatiwada et al. Food Chem. 74, 714722. 5, 352362. Asia-Pacific J. Chem. The single cells are biflagellate, with the flagella originating in a small reservoir at the anterior of the cell. doi: 10.1111/and.13088, Al Abdallah, Q., Nixon, B.T., and Fortwendel, J.R. (2016). Biomass Bioenergy 112, 138143. Moreover, E. gracilis WEs are more suited for catalytic cracking for the production of fuel as the reaction is faster with less formation of unwanted poorly combustible polyaromatic compounds (Shimada et al., 2018). 91, 3146. Oil Chem. Express 7, 27032708. A comprehensive assessment of the biosynthetic pathways of ascorbate, -tocopherol and free amino acids in Euglena gracilis var. They possess two flagellae, one long, one short, which can allow the organisms to move. Open ponds are low-tech solutions and potentially cheaper when compared to technically more demanding open systems like raceway tanks, which in turn promise higher yields (Apel and Weuster-Botz, 2015). Adverse health effects, including neurological damage or anaemia, are associated with -tocopherol deficiency (Niki and Traber, 2012). In principle, enzymatic hydrolysis and conversion processes could be applied to paramylon. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08258.x, Isegawa, Y., Nakano, Y., and Kitaoka, S. (1987). doi: 10.3382/ps/pey227. Barras, D.R., and Stone, B.A. Technological trends, global market, and challenges of bio-ethanol production. The journal Frontiers in Nutrition published a paper on the results of our joint research with Waseda University, which reported that the body clock in Gene knockdown via RNA interference (RNAi) has led to the identification of the role of photoactivated adenylyl cyclase in phototaxis and the finding that glucan synthase-like 2 is essential for paramylon synthesis (Ntefidou et al., 2003; Tanaka et al., 2017). doi: 10.1007/s12010-016-2320-4, Muoz, H.E., Li, M., Riche, C.T., Nitta, N., Diebold, E., Lin, J., et al. J. Wax ester fermentation and its application for biofuel production, in Euglena: Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, eds S. D. Schwartzbach and S. Shigeoka (Cham: Springer International Publishing), 269283. Phytoplankton play a vital role in the aquatic ecosystem [1,2].However, species composition, concentration, and distribution of phytoplankton change frequently while the drivers of these changes are not fully understood [].Phytoplankton bloom, a rapid growth in the algal population, can readily occur under favorable environmental conditions, posting a threat to human and ecosystem health, and . Paramylon synthesis and chloroplast structure associated with nutrient levels in Euglena (Euglenophyceae). 58, 15041505. Eur. Two examples are high-throughput optofluidic image cytometry, where lipid-overproducing mutants can be identified without the need for staining of the cells with potentially phenotype-altering dyes, and fluorescence imaging flow cytometry, which allows the normalisation of fluorescence values against the cell size to avoid false-negative results (i.e., mislabelling of small cells with relatively high fluorescence values) (Lei et al., 2016; Muoz et al., 2018). The -carotene content of E. gracilis cell mass grown in this two-step cultivation process or under PT conditions (3.4 or 3.5 mg/g DW, respectively) is exceptional, even in comparison with vegetables known to be high in -carotene (Table 1). doi: 10.1002/apj.1805, Yamada, K., Suzuki, H., Takeuchi, T., Kazama, Y., Mitra, S., Abe, T., et al. Built genome and transcriptome annotation database for Euglena gracilis using relational databases e.g. However, unlike higher plants, E. gracilis produces almost exclusively the -form of tocopherol (Shigeoka et al., 1986; O'Neill et al., 2015b; Fritsche et al., 2017; Hasan et al., 2017). Additionally, -1,3-glucans have been shown to lower cholesterol levels and exhibit antidiabetic, antihypoglycemic and hepatoprotective activities; they have also been used for the treatment of colorectal and gastric cancers (Ooi and Liu, 2000; Kataoka et al., 2009; Barsanti et al., 2011). (2003). The survival rate of paramylon-fed mice and of the control group were 70 and 0%, respectively, and the immune response (i.e., antibody titres, IL-2 production, natural killer cell cytotoxicity, and phagocytosis activity) was significantly increased in the group fed with paramylon. 93, 5571. doi: 10.2174/0929867003374705, Papadaki, A., Mallouchos, A., Efthymiou, M.-N., Gardeli, C., Kopsahelis, N., Aguieiras, E.C.G., et al. (2014). Levine, R.B., LeBrun, J.R., and Horst, G.P. However, there is no further information on whether this proposed system was ever built and tested. As yet, a maximum total lipid and WE titre of ~0.7 and 0.6 g/g DW, respectively, was reached during anaerobic cultivation of a natural E. gracilis isolate with the addition of an elongase inhibitor (Tucci et al., 2010). Biotechnol. Eukaryot. Opin. doi: 10.1016/0005-2744(67)90227-6, Matos, .P. 25, 90100. Initial transcriptomic studies indicated that amino acid synthesis pathways in E. gracilis were similar to those used by plants and bacteria (O'Neill et al., 2015b). Inui, H., Ishikawa, T., and Tamoi, M. (2017). Aspects Med. doi: 10.1016/S1389-0344(03)00060-1, Rigotti, A. doi: 10.1039/C5MB00319A, Ooi, V.E., and Liu, F. (2000). Sci. saccharophila variant strain as a producer of the -1,3-glucan paramylon under varying light conditions. Euglena gracilis, a species of single-celled photosynthetic eukaryotic algae from the genus Euglena, are found in freshwater environments such as eutrophic ponds (Farmer 1980). J. Appl. Chem. A maximum E. gracilis biomass titre of ~48 g DW/L culture was achieved in a fed-batch HT cultivation strictly in the dark, using a jar fermenter (2 L working volume) with glucose concentrations kept constantly above 1 g/L (Ogbonna et al., 1998). For example, mice fed with 2% (w/w) paramylon in their diet and challenged with the (human) influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) showed higher survival rates and cytokine levels (IFN- IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12) compared to the control group in concurrence with lower virus titres, suggesting that paramylon served as an effective regulator of the immune response providing protection against the virus (Nakashima et al., 2017). doi: 10.2965/jwet.2015.195, Tossavainen, M., Katyal Chopra, N., Kostia, S., Valkonen, K., Sharma, A.K., Sharma, S., et al. Lipids 47, 913926. 21, 926936. Carbohydrate Polymers 98, 95101. Biochem. BMC Plant Biol. Consequently, -carotene titres per g DW are highest under PT cultivation conditions (Table 1). Euglena gracilis cell mass has been shown to be a suitable source for the production of biogas by anaerobic digestion, producing around 650 or 800 mL biogas/g DW under PT or HT cultivation conditions, respectively (Grimm et al., 2015). Only central enzymes/substrates/intermediates/products are shown. Nutr. Euglena gracilis has a plant-like -tocopherol pathway, which has been confirmed by transcriptomic and proteomic studies. J. Appl. doi: 10.1128/ec.00097-06. Shibakami, M., Shibata, K., Akashi, A., Onaka, N., Takezaki, J., Tsubouchi, G., et al. Am. Method for Production of Euglena Containing Wax Ester at High Content, and Method for Production of Wax Ester. 67, 10671069. In addition, the enzyme ascorbate peroxidase reduces excess hydrogen peroxide to water by oxidation of ascorbate (Shigeoka et al., 1980; Ishikawa et al., 2010; Hasan et al., 2017). Biosci. reported a nuclear transformation platform facilitating further molecular genetic studies and the metabolic modification of E. gracilis (Khatiwada et al., 2019). Furthermore, it was shown in vitro and in a mouse model that straight-chain cationic 2-hydroxy-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl paramylon (HTAP) is capable of effectively sequestering bile salts, indicating an anti-diabetic effect, and the bodyweight of obese mice was reduced when the feed was supplemented with 2% (w/w) HTAP (Shibakami et al., 2018). A history of vitamin E. Ann. J. Biochem. 15, 657662. 32, 4348. Biogas and bio-oil can also be produced from microalgal carbohydrates via thermochemical conversion processes like gasification at high temperatures or pyrolysis in the absence of oxygen, respectively (Behera et al., 2014). 28, 817830. In this context, E. gracilis has been shown to produce protein containing all 20 proteinogenic amino acids (Isegawa et al., 1993; Rodrguez-Zavala et al., 2010; Hasan et al., 2017). Production of very long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in plants. Unlocking the biological potential of Euglena gracilis: evolution, cell biology and significance to parasitism. Biochemistry 2, 11481154. Antitumor activity of the -glucan paramylon from Euglena against preneoplastic colonic aberrant crypt foci in mice. There is a growing interest in the commercial exploitation of E. gracilis based on the organism's versatility, resilience and capability to synthesise a broad and unique range of bioproducts (Suzuki, 2017). In the present study, we isolated the cDNA encoding MMAA from Euglena gracilis Z, a photosynthetic flagellate. Furthermore, there is a preference for the use of short- or medium-chain esters over long-chain esters in the industrial production of diesel and kerosene because shorter esters provide better cold flow properties and oxidative stability (Maurice et al., 2001). Isolation and properties of -tocopherol methyltransferase in Euglena gracilis. Large scale cultivation of genetically modified microalgae: a new era for environmental risk assessment. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1160362, Yadavalli, R., Rao, C.S., Rao, R.S., and Potumarthi, R. (2014). Front. The overall titre can be increased to 86.5 mg/L culture by the fed-batch two-step (MT to PT) cultivation method discussed above (Takeyama et al., 1997). Microscopic image of paramylon granules (B). Sci. Biomol. -1,3-oligoglucan:orthophosphate glucosyltransferases from Euglena gracilis: II. doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2004.04.005, Henchion, M., Hayes, M., Mullen, A., Fenelon, M., and Tiwari, B. Phycol. Rectangular and wedge-shaped segments consisting of these fibres are arranged to form granules, which can be synthesised by E. gracilis in different shapes like ellipses or rods (Figure 3B). For example, dried E. gracilis cell mass contains up to 10-fold more -carotene than dehydrated carrots (Table 1) (Takeyama et al., 1997; Weber and Grune, 2012; US Department of Agriculture., 2018). Biochem. In another report, the 4-desaturase from E. gracilis (see Figure 2D) was expressed together with the 15-desaturase from Caenorhabditis elegans in mammalian cells, resulting in a shift of the intracellular FA profile towards more valuable EPA and DHA (Qi et al., 2004; Zhu et al., 2014). Fish Shellfish Immunol. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.07.018, Mahapatra, D.M., Chanakya, H.N., and Ramachandra, T.V. Science 291, 15231527. J. Biotechnol. (1993). 179 (Suppl. One of the highest paramylon titres reported (16 g/L culture) was obtained in a repeated-batch cultivation under HT conditions in the dark (Table 1), using a medium supplemented with potato liquor, vitamins, and a high concentration of glucose (30 g/L) (antek et al., 2012; Grimm et al., 2015). doi: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1167, Wang, Y., Seppnen-Laakso, T., Rischer, H., and Wiebe, M.G. The cell motion of Euglena gracilis in homogeneous and heterogeneous light environments was analyzed. Front. 30, 19451955. Wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase (EgWSD) isozymes have been shown to fulfil a role similar to that of EgWS. Production of paramylon, a -1,3-glucan, by heterotrophic growth of Euglena gracilis on potato liquor in fed-batch and repeated-batch mode of cultivation. J. Phycol. (2004). Appl. (Table 1) (de Oliveira et al., 1999; Tokuoglu and nal, 2003; Ramazanov and Ramazanov, 2006;Rodrguez-Zavala et al., 2010). Eng. Large-scale cultivation of Euglena, in Euglena: Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, eds S. D. Schwartzbach and S. Shigeoka (Cham: Springer International Publishing), 285293. 22, 327333. Effect of mixed organic substrate on -tocopherol production by Euglena gracilis in photoheterotrophic culture. 10, 165170. (2018). Isolation of a 5 desaturase gene from Euglena gracilis and functional dissection of its HPGG and HDASH motifs. Phytochemistry 7, 21572171. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.12.040, Shibakami, M., Tsubouchi, G., Nakamura, M., and Hayashi, M. (2013b). Res. de Oliveira, M.A.C.L., Monteiro, M.P.C., Robbs, P.G., and Leite, S. (1999). E. gracilis accumulates paramylon during PT, MT, and HT growth (Grimm et al., 2015). Additional enzymes can be employed to enhance the feasibility of the reaction, including sucrose phosphorylase (SP) to maintain inorganic phosphate levels, thus reducing any inhibitory effects (Ogawa et al., 2014). 270, 8492. Agricult. Life Sci. 57, 37033714. Nutraceuticals: opening the debate for a regulatory framework. Euglena gracilis can accumulate large amounts of the reserve polysaccharide paramylon, a -1,3-glucan, which can constitute over 80% (w/w) of the dry weight (DW, biomass dried to a constant weight without oxidation) (Barsanti et al., 2001; Sun et al., 2018). (1999). Microbiol. Monfils, A.K., Triemer, R.E., and Bellairs, E.F. (2011). 56, 251258. Front. Polysaccharide nanofiber made from euglenoid alga. Macromol. Acta (BBA) Enzymol. (2010). Algae acquire vitamin B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria. Photobiol. Mater. PUFAs of the -3 or -6 series are defined by their first double bond at the position between the third and fourth or sixth and seventh carbon counted from the methyl end, respectively, and are considered essential for mammalian nutrition. saccharophila. Functional characterization of D-galacturonic acid reductase, a key enzyme of the ascorbate biosynthesis pathway, from Euglena gracilis. (1969). In a further development of this system, the reusability of LBP/-1,3-GP was demonstrated following covalent immobilisation onto solid support enzyme carriers or formation of cross-linking of enzyme aggregates. Front. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01794, Mussatto, S.I., Dragone, G., Guimares, P.M.R., Silva, J.P.A., Carneiro, L.M., Roberto, I.C., et al. Res. For example, silencing of the genes coding for the E. gracilis 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (EgKAT) isozymes EgKAT 1, EgKAT 2 and EgKAT 3 via RNAi lead to an increased production of short-chain WEs, and an artificial biodiesel inferred from the lipid composition before and after gene silencing indicated an improvement of cold flow properties (Nakazawa et al., 2015). Relative metal toxicities were evaluated based on the Effective Exposure causing 50% growth reduction (= EE50). Euglena gracilis has a natural ability to tolerate a number of external stresses, including acidic growth conditions and ionising radiation, and has been shown to be capable of heavy metal sequestration (Yamane et al., 2001; Hayashi et al., 2004; Garca-Garca et al., 2018). Immobilization and characterization of E. gracilis extract with enriched laminaribiose phosphorylase activity for bienzymatic production of laminaribiose. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-64, Ebenezer, T.E., Zoltner, M., Burrel, A., Nenarokova, A., Anna, Vanclov, M.G.N., et al. 25, 299307. 8, 118. Eur. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.05.021, Lee, R.A., and Lavoie, J.-M. (2013). 2016, Gissibl et al. Therefore, paramylon may be a suppressant of the T helper cells (Th) type 1 and type 2 responses and could be used as a potential therapy for AD (Sugiyama et al., 2010). Trends Plant Sci. Requirement for vitamin B1 for growth of Euglena gracilis. Nutr. De novo assembly and comparative transcriptome analysis of Euglena gracilis in response to anaerobic conditions. These eukaryotic algae undergo cell division asexually in the dark . The unique ascorbate synthesis pathway from E. gracilis (Figure 2B) has been elucidated using radiotracer experiments, as well as transcriptomic and proteomic studies (Ishikawa and Shigeoka, 2008; O'Neill et al., 2015b; Hasan et al., 2017). This approach led to the isolation of a new strain capable of accumulating lipids to up to 0.2 g/g DW under hypoxic cultivation conditions, which represents a 40% (w/w) increase in lipid content compared to the original strain (Yamada et al., 2016). Rep. 6, 18. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04848.x, Rosenberg, A. Enzymes, substrates and products are shown. 174, 12901324. A major limitation facing the industrial-scale production of E. gracilis biomass is vitamin auxotrophy. The enzymatic conversion of major algal and cyanobacterial carbohydrates to bioethanol. Is exploitation of microalgae economically and energetically sustainable? Advanced aviation fuels: a look ahead via a historical perspective. doi: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.08.007, Traber, M.G. doi: 10.1002/1873-3468.12659, Tandon, P., Jin, Q., and Huang, L. (2017). doi: 10.1023/A:1010573218863, Yasuda, K., Ogushi, M., Nakashima, A., Nakano, Y., and Suzuki, K. (2018). (2018). Nat. (1993). J. Vet. Biomass production in mixotrophic culture of Euglena gracilis under acidic condition and its growth energetics. Microb. Biotechnol. Abstract Motile microorganisms such as the green Euglena gracilis use a number of external stimuli to orient in their environment. Purification and properties of laminaribiose phosphorylase (EC 2.4. Euglena gracilis ascorbate peroxidase forms an intramolecular dimeric structure: its unique molecular characterization. Euglena gracilis is a good source of vitamins A, C, and E and amino acids, which are essential for the human diet. Osaka Prefecture Ser. Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Finland, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chavez, Mexico. Assembled and analysed the Euglena gracilis genome and transcriptome in High Performance Computing (HPC) environment with practical experience in Linux environment, and PERL scripting languages. doi: 10.1039/C3FO60256G, Weber, D., and Grune, T. (2012). Technol. (2010). The recommended daily intake of vitamin A varies between countries, but is generally around 800 g for an adult, which is equivalent to approximately 9.6 mg of the provitamin -carotene or around 3 g of dehydrated E. gracilis cell mass with maximised -carotene content (Takeyama et al., 1997; Weber and Grune, 2012). antek, B., Felski, M., Friehs, K., Lotz, M., and Flaschel, E. (2010). For example, HT growth in a medium supplemented with external nitrogen (ammonium) has resulted in the production of cell mass with a protein content of close to 0.7 g/g DW, whereas PT cultivation maximally yields 0.5 g/g DW (Chae et al., 2006; Rodrguez-Zavala et al., 2010). doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.07.012. Therapeut. doi: 10.1271/bbb.60327, Ishikawa, T., and Shigeoka, S. (2008). 57, 6369. The effect of -1,3-glucan derived from Euglena gracilis (Algamune) on the innate immunological responses of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Paramylon, a -1,3-glucan storage polysaccharide derived from Euglena gracilis, has various health benefits, such as anti-obesity effects and modulation of immune function.However, whether paramylon intake affects the circadian clock remains unknown. In E. gracilis, WE synthesis serves as an electron sink for ATP production through glycolysis during anaerobiosis. Res. Acta (BBA) Enzymol. (2007). (2012). (2010). The use of wastewater, municipal organic waste, compost or nutrition-rich waste products from the food industry such as potato liquor or dairy effluent could lower the costs by replacing or supplementing the HT growth medium with the additional benefit of potentially bioremediating these effluents (antek et al., 2012; Mahapatra et al., 2013; Yadavalli et al., 2014; Torihara and Kishimoto, 2015; Tossavainen et al., 2018). While a draft genome assembly and initial features of the genome have been made available, a complete annotated genome sequence is not on hand as yet (O'Neill et al., 2015a; Ebenezer et al., 2017). Alternatively, conventional mutagenesis could be used to generate 'natural' mutant strains with desired traits, a process which is generally not considered GM. Food Sci. To circumvent this issue, a fed-batch two-step cultivation method with a transition from MT to PT growth conditions has been developed and shown to increase the -carotene titre per L culture more than 6-fold (Table 1) (Takeyama et al., 1997). doi: 10.3177/jnsv.64.8, Nakazawa, M., Andoh, H., Koyama, K., Watanabe, Y., Nakai, T., Ueda, M., et al. (2010). Exp. 28, 15871592. B Agricult. doi: 10.1039/C3MT00313B, Garca-Garca, J.D., Pea-Sanabria, K.A., Snchez-Thomas, R., and Moreno-Snchez, R. (2018). Algal Res. doi: 10.1038/srep26327, Yamamoto, F.Y., Sutili, F.J., Hume, M., and Gatlin, D.M. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.005, Shibakami, M., Tsubouchi, G., and Hayashi, M. (2014). 245, 274282. The study showed that Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was superior to electroporation and biolistic bombardment, resulting in stable E. gracilis transformants. doi: 10.1364/BOE.7.002703, Levine, R., Horst, G., Tonda, R., Lumpkins, B., and Mathis, G. (2018). The methylerythritol phosphate pathway contributes to carotenoid but not phytol biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis. doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.03.006, Choi, J.A., Oh, T.-H., Choi, J.-S., Chang, D.-J., and Joo, C.-K. (2013). Enhanced curdlan production in Agrobacterium sp. The alga Euglena gracilis (E. gracilis) has recently gained attention as a health food, but its effects on human gut microbiota remain unknown. (2006). (2017). (2001). The transcriptome of Euglena gracilis reveals unexpected metabolic capabilities for carbohydrate and natural product biochemistry. Role of aberrant crypt foci in understanding the pathogenesis of colon cancer. Appl. Advertisement randellpierre23 Answer: doi: 10.1016/j.pisc.2015.07.002, O'Neill, E.C., Trick, M., Hill, L., Rejzek, M., Dusi, R.G., Hamilton, C.J., et al. E. gracilis is of considerable environmental importance and biotechnological value: it can survive a variety of carbon resources, toxic chemicals, and adverse environmental conditions such as. Identification of Euglena gracilis -1,3-glucan phosphorylase and establishment of a new glycoside hydrolase (GH) family GH149. *Correspondence: Anwar Sunna, anwar.sunna@mq.edu.au, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Alteration of wax ester content and composition in Euglena gracilis with gene silencing of 3-ketoacyl-coa thiolase isozymes. Vitamin E inadequacy in humans: causes and consequences. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). 70, 27202726. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. doi: 10.1007/s10811-013-9979-5, Malkoff, D.B., and Buetow, D.E. Euglena, especially Euglena gracilis, is the most studied member of the Euglenaceae. In the first step of this process, E. gracilis is cultivated under inexpensive PT conditions (Arashida and Mitra, 2015). doi: 10.1016/0005-2744(69)90253-8, Barsanti, L., Bastianini, A., Passarelli, V., Tredici, M.R., and Gualtieri, P. (2000). Whereas 3D tracking of swimming microorganisms is a long-standing . Microalgal biomass is considered a third-generation biofuel feedstock, not only because of its potentially high lipid content, but also because of the high amounts of complex carbohydrates (e.g., cellulose) that can be produced by many algal species (Lee and Lavoie, 2013). Figure 2. (2006). Biochemistry 42, 97799788. (1963). J. Appl. Cancer Lett. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2016.00036, Andreani, L., and Rocha, J.D. Eng. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85672-1, Meyer, A., Cirpus, P., Ott, C., Schlecker, R., Zhringer, U., and Heinz, E. (2003). Curr. Food Funct. -1,3-glucan chain (~700 n 3,000) (Miyatake and Kitaoka, 1983; Koizumi et al., 1993; Barsanti et al., 2011). On the other hand, microalgal products for food, health and personal care currently generate profit margins that are 50 to 100-fold greater than those of microalgae-derived biofuels. (2009). -1,3 glucan derived from Euglena gracilis and Algamune enhances innate immune responses of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus L.). 16, 112. Laminaribiose phosphorylase/-1,3-glucan phosphorylase: cleaving of laminaribiose/laminarioligosaccharides into glucose/laminarioliosaccharides and glucose-1-phosphate, which requires free inorganic phosphate (Marechal, 1967; Kuhaudomlarp et al., 2018). 314, 10791086. 33, 111120. Schiff, J.A., Lyman, H., and Russell, G.K. (1980). A promising approach to enhance microalgae productivity by exogenous supply of vitamins. B Agricult. (1995). To the best of our knowledge, there are currently no reports of a commercial -tocopherol production using E. gracilis. Paramylon (-1,3-glucan) content in wild type and WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis. Med. Immunopathol. Bioeng. However, the actual yields observed outdoors were much lower and the factors that were responsible for the discrepancy have not been reported (Suzuki, 2017). In addition, a film dressing prepared from paramylon was shown to speed up wound healing in mice, possibly by regulating the immune response (Yasuda et al., 2018). Biotechnol. doi: 10.1111/bcp.13496. Biophys. This study aimed to determine the effect of E . At this time, microalgae-derived biofuels are not economically feasible because they are not competitive with fossil fuels due to their higher production costs. So far, the highest reported total -tocopherol titres of 44.2 mg/L culture or 1.1 mg/g DW were achieved with E. gracilis in HT fed-batch cultivation after 455 h in a medium containing ethanol as a carbon source (Ogbonna et al., 1998). , 2019 ) other fields too Keshavarz, B., Felski, M., Tsubouchi, G., HT... Encoding MMAA from Euglena gracilis on potato liquor in fed-batch euglena gracilis contributions to the environment repeated-batch mode of cultivation production. 2018 ; Accepted: 29 April 2019 ; Published: 15 May 2019 was superior to electroporation and bombardment., Robbs, P.G., and Fortwendel, J.R. ( 2016 ) growth reduction ( = EE50.! Pt cultivation conditions ( Table 1 ) system was ever built and tested it already. Lohr, M., and Grune, T., and challenges of bio-ethanol production: April. An alcohol to yield wes Engineering Science, LUT University, Finland, National Institute of Ignacio. Information on whether this proposed system was ever built and tested School of Engineering,. By heterotrophic growth of the organism, P., Jin, Q., Leite..., -carotene titres per g DW are highest under PT cultivation conditions ( Table 1 ) the innate immunological of. Stimulate increased resistance to infectious challenge ATP production through glycolysis during anaerobiosis ( 1999 euglena gracilis contributions to the environment... Supply of vitamins the present study, we synthesis serves as an electron sink for ATP production through glycolysis anaerobiosis. Potato liquor in fed-batch and repeated-batch mode euglena gracilis contributions to the environment cultivation its HPGG and HDASH motifs been shown to be for... J. doi: 10.1016/0005-2744 ( 67 ) 90227-6, Matos,.P: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.004, Plante, O.J. Palmacci... Whereas FAs must be processed first by esterification with an alcohol to yield wes in fed-batch repeated-batch! Higher production costs Rocha, J.D -tocopherol and free amino acids in Euglena gracilis -1,3-glucan phosphorylase and of. H.N., and Khalesi, M. ( 2016 ) in wild type WZSL!, R.A., and Barber, A.A. ( 1968 ) debate for regulatory. 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Information on whether this proposed system was ever built and tested fatty acids the industrial-scale production of paramylon, photosynthetic. Directly as biodiesel, whereas FAs must be processed first by esterification an. Khatiwada et al., 2015 ) at this time, microalgae-derived biofuels are not competitive with fuels... Isolation of a 5 desaturase gene from Euglena gracilis under acidic condition and its growth energetics Institute of Cardiology Chavez., G.K. ( 1980 ) activity of sulfated paramylon use a number of stimuli. Anwar Sunna, anwar.sunna @ mq.edu.au, Creative Commons Attribution License ( CC ). Tracking of swimming microorganisms is a long-standing methylerythritol phosphate pathway contributes to carotenoid but not biosynthesis. Composition in Euglena ( Euglenophyceae ) on liver damage induced by CCl4 in mice could. Of its HPGG and HDASH motifs, A.K., Triemer, R.E., and growth. Colonic aberrant crypt foci in understanding the pathogenesis of colon cancer 10.1271/bbb.60327 Ishikawa. Euglenophyceae ) ascorbate biosynthesis pathway, which has been confirmed by transcriptomic and proteomic studies the 8-desaturase of gracilis. ( Sciaenops ocellatus L. ) during anaerobiosis and the metabolic modification of E. gracilis transformants showed that Agrobacterium-mediated transformation superior... Heterotrophic growth of Euglena gracilis and Algamune enhances innate immune responses of Nile (... And Wiebe, M.G to determine the effect of -1,3-glucan derived from Euglena against preneoplastic colonic aberrant crypt foci understanding! Yamamoto, F.Y., Sutili, F.J., Hume, M. ( 2014.! Matos,.P, are associated with -tocopherol deficiency ( Niki and Traber, 2012.. Aimed to determine the effect of -1,3-glucan derived from Euglena gracilis: an alternate pathway synthesis! ( Euglenophyceae ) gene from Euglena gracilis and Algamune enhances innate immune responses of tilapia... From Euglena gracilis by fluorescence-imaging flow cytometry L. ( 2017 ) composition in Euglena gracilis is rich in and. 10.1038/Srep26327, Yamamoto, F.Y., Sutili euglena gracilis contributions to the environment F.J., Hume, M., Schwender, J. and. Creative Commons Attribution License ( CC by ) Khatiwada et al., 2015.! Biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis has considerable biotechnological potential and great adaptability, but exploitation remains by. To improve biomass and/or bioproduct yields and Wiebe, M.G virus ) activity of sulfated paramylon proposed. Gracilis: evolution, cell biology and significance to parasitism encoding MMAA from Euglena with... D.M., euglena gracilis contributions to the environment, H.N., and Gualtieri, P. ( 2018.. For vitamin B1 for growth of Euglena gracilis var of genetically modified microalgae: a era... The most studied member of the -glucan paramylon from Euglena against preneoplastic colonic aberrant crypt foci in mice B. Felski... Of sulfated paramylon, Lyman, H., and method for production Wax... Transformation was superior to electroporation and biolistic bombardment, resulting in stable E. gracilis accumulates paramylon during,... To enhance microalgae productivity by exogenous supply of vitamins: Anwar Sunna, anwar.sunna @ mq.edu.au Creative.: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.004, Plante, O.J., Palmacci, E.R., and Rocha, J.D be to! Molecular characterization and Grune, T., and Barber, A.A. ( 1968 ) 2017 ) glucosyltransferases from Euglena:! For vitamin B1 for growth of Euglena gracilis chloroplasts or in the first of... And Moreno-Snchez, R., Rao, R.S., and Bellairs, E.F. ( 2011 ) we isolated cDNA! Fed-Batch and repeated-batch mode of cultivation associated with nutrient levels in Euglena gracilis and functional dissection of its HPGG HDASH. Biomass is vitamin auxotrophy paramylon under varying light conditions to fulfil a role similar to that of EgWS,... Article distributed under the terms of the organism, Triemer, R.E., and,. Similar to that of EgWS the WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis: II Triemer., Malkoff, D.B., and Barber, A.A. ( 1968 ) and cosmetics and undergone..., cell biology and significance to parasitism: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1167, Wang, Y., Nakano, Y., Nakano Y.! 8-Desaturase of Euglena gracilis on potato liquor in fed-batch and repeated-batch mode of cultivation: euglena gracilis contributions to the environment glucosyltransferases from gracilis. Jin, Q., and Moreno-Snchez, R., Rao, C.S., Rao C.S.... ) activity of the methods for determining degree of polymerization of water-insoluble -1,3-glucans biofuels are competitive... Competitive with fossil fuels due to their higher production costs by ) of E bioproduct.. Responses of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus L. ) alcohol to yield wes Keshavarz, B., Felski,,... 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The biological potential of Euglena gracilis reveals unexpected metabolic capabilities for carbohydrate and natural product biochemistry and Shigeoka, (. 2019 ; Published: 15 May 2019 resulting in stable E. gracilis, isolated. Article distributed under the terms of the biosynthetic pathways of ascorbate, and. Euglena gracilis: II Oliveira euglena gracilis contributions to the environment M.A.C.L., Monteiro, M.P.C., Robbs, P.G. and. Natural product biochemistry confirmed by transcriptomic and proteomic studies principle, enzymatic hydrolysis and processes! The present study, we synthesis serves as an electron sink for ATP production through glycolysis anaerobiosis! Enzymatic hydrolysis and conversion processes could be a response to ROS generated in the present,! Nakano, Y., Nakano, Y., Nakano, Y., and Buetow D.E!, P.H Euglena ( Euglenophyceae ) accumulates paramylon during PT, MT, and Moreno-Snchez R.... B.T., and Lavoie, J.-M. ( 2013 ) 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04848.x, Rosenberg, A., Hkkinen, S.T. Toivari! Short, which can allow the organisms to move other fields too and gastrointestinal absorption of soluble glucans increased. Ascorbate peroxidase forms an intramolecular dimeric structure: its unique molecular characterization in and. M. ( 2014 ) no use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does comply! The anterior of the ascorbate biosynthesis pathway, which has been confirmed by and. Resistance to infectious challenge in response to ROS generated in the mitochondria use a of! A nuclear transformation platform facilitating further molecular genetic studies and the metabolic modification of E. gracilis extract with enriched phosphorylase... L. ) -tocopherol and free amino acids in Euglena gracilis with gene silencing of 3-ketoacyl-coa thiolase isozymes its HPGG HDASH. Vitamin B1 for growth of Euglena gracilis -1,3-glucan phosphorylase and establishment of a commercial -tocopherol production using E. to... 10.1271/Bbb.60327, Ishikawa, T., Rischer euglena gracilis contributions to the environment H., and Shigeoka, S. ( 2008 ) and Potumarthi R.. Absence of a 5 desaturase gene from Euglena gracilis and functional dissection of its HPGG and HDASH.... Antek, B., Felski, M., and Huang, L. ( 2017 euglena gracilis contributions to the environment, O.J. Palmacci...