Antony Maria OSB, If the information on this website has helped you, please consider making a contribution so that it can continue to help others. To adapt a phrase, Ecclesia non supplet quod Ecclesia non habet; the Church cannot supply what the Church does not have, and the Church does not have the ability to supply sacramental form to a minister's deficient utterance. In Canon Law Ecclesia Supplet is found in Can. WebThe term ecclesia, originally referring to a political assembly of citizens in ancient Athens, Greece, now refers to a congregation. WebBuy Access; Help; About; Contact Us; Cookies; Encyclopedias | Text editions Perhaps more importantly, the issue is not about people who know they were baptized invalidly. He told you at the beginning of the semester what you needed to read, what you needed to study, and what you needed to do to pass his class. Canon Law, answering some of the most commonly-asked questions
I cannot stop people who have video from checking it, but I recommend against it. Pardon my English, but hell no! "c." stands for "canon" of the Code of Canon Law (CIC). What does this term mean? It might be hard to believe, but there are plenty of frustrated canonists out there who sometimes wonder exactly the same thing. The references in the Code of Canon Law to power of governance and executive power can sometimes (though not always) be hopelessly murky, mostly for theological/philosophical reasons having to do with the nature of power and the origins of authority in the Churchand their arguable connection, or lack thereof, to reception of the sacrament of Holy Orders. It is a topic which has left many a law student wanting to bang his head against the wall, as any broad generalizations and basic rules about how it works invariably have to admit multiple exceptions. In short, if the concept confuses you, that may simply mean youre looking at it correctly. Im a Catholic convert with a lot to learn still, so please excuse my ignorance. Continuing: "In this case, as sacramental theologians point out, Ecclesia supplet, that is, the Church provides, out of her treasury of grace, the proper remedy for the defect of the minister's actions." Does the glimmer of a possibility of salvation being granted in ways other than the ordinary way Christ laid out give me the excuse to slack off on my missionary mandate to preach the Gospel? So, what is ecclesia supplet? When a Catholic is not allowed by his bishop or his Pope to do the Catholic thing, he does it nevertheless, with many greetings to the Pope or bishop. I never fail to learn something by reading his column. Unfortunately, at times this principle has often been abused to reduce the sacraments practically to magic formulas or incantations. A faculty is granted by a competent canonical authority for an ordained cleric to be able to exercise certain powers of his holy orders validly. Page. Agradezco su aclaracin. The CDF has not addressed this issue; it merely said that people who were baptized with the wrong formula should be baptized again with the right formula. Another rule of Canon Law applies: " Salus animarum suprema lex "" The Websupplement: [noun] something that completes or makes an addition. Heres an old, but interesting and directly relevant exchange between Catholic priests, with a real-life example of an elderly and confused priest who consecrated the Host at Mass, but then forgot to say the words of consecration over the chalice. Apparently a second priest wrongly assured the questioner that Ecclesia supplet in this case; but input from a third priest rightly notes that what was missing here was not a faculty (which isnt needed to celebrate Mass validly anyway! Though ordination confers the ability for a cleric to be able to celebrate certain sacraments, some sacraments require the additional grant of a faculty in order for the sacrament to be celebrated validly by the ordained person. Was Boniface VIII wrong when he infallibly declared that outside of the Church there is no salvation? ASK FATHER: Our old, misused friend, Ecclesia supplet, Catholic News Live shutting down after 9 years. Matthew 18:17 N-DFSGRK: NAS: to them, tell it to the church; and ifKJV: tell [it] unto the church: butINT: tell [it] to the church if moreover, Matthew 18:17 N-GFSGRK: NAS: even to the church, let him be to you as a GentileKJV: he neglect to hear the church, let him beINT: also the church he fail to listen to let him be, Acts 5:11 N-AFSGRK: NAS: over the whole church, and over allKJV: upon all the church, and uponINT: all the church and upon, Acts 7:38 N-DFSGRK: NAS: This is the one who was in the congregation in the wildernessKJV: in the church inINT: in the congregation in the, Acts 8:1 N-AFSGRK: NAS: against the church in Jerusalem,KJV: against the church whichINT: against the church which [was] in, Acts 8:3 N-AFSGRK: NAS: [began] ravaging the church, enteringKJV: he made havock of the church, entering intoINT: was destroying the church by the, Acts 9:31 N-NFSGRK: ' NAS: So the church throughout allKJV: Then had the churches rest throughoutINT: indeed then churches throughout all, Acts 11:22 N-GFSGRK: NAS: the ears of the church at Jerusalem,KJV: the ears of the church whichINT: ears of the church which was, Acts 11:26 N-DFSGRK: NAS: they met with the church and taughtKJV: with the church, andINT: in the church and taught, Acts 12:1 N-GFSGRK: NAS: belonged to the church in order to mistreatKJV: certain of the church.INT: of the church, Acts 12:5 N-GFSGRK: NAS: fervently by the church to God.KJV: without ceasing of the church unto GodINT: by the church to, Acts 13:1 N-AFSGRK: NAS: there were at Antioch, in the church that was [there], prophetsKJV: there were in the church that was atINT: the being church prophets and, Acts 14:23 N-AFSGRK: ' NAS: for them in every church, having prayedKJV: in every church, and had prayedINT: for them in every church elders having prayed, Acts 14:27 N-AFSGRK: NAS: and gathered the church together,KJV: had gathered the church together,INT: having gathered together the church they declared all that, Acts 15:3 N-GFSGRK: NAS: being sent on their way by the church, they were passing throughKJV: by the church, they passed throughINT: by the church passed through, Acts 15:4 N-GFSGRK: NAS: they were received by the church and the apostlesKJV: of the church, andINT: by the church and the, Acts 15:22 N-DFSGRK: NAS: with the whole church, to chooseKJV: with the whole church, to send chosenINT: all the church having chosen men, Acts 15:41 N-AFPGRK: NAS: strengthening the churches.KJV: Cilicia, confirming the churches.INT: strengthening the churches, Acts 16:5 N-NFPGRK: NAS: So the churches were being strengthenedKJV: were the churches establishedINT: indeed Therefore churches were strengthened in the, Acts 18:22 N-AFSGRK: NAS: up and greeted the church, and went downKJV: saluted the church, he went downINT: having greeted the church he went down to, Acts 19:32 N-NFSGRK: NAS: thing and some another, for the assembly was in confusionKJV: for the assembly wasINT: indeed the church confused and, Acts 19:39 N-DFSGRK: NAS: in the lawful assembly.KJV: in a lawful assembly.INT: the lawful assembly it will be solved, Acts 19:41 N-AFSGRK: NAS: this he dismissed the assembly.KJV: spoken, he dismissed the assembly.INT: he dismissed the assembly, Acts 20:17 N-GFSGRK: NAS: to him the elders of the church.KJV: and called the elders of the church.INT: elders of the church. However that said as far as say fulfilling a Sunday Mass obligation, even though Ecclesia supplet seems of no avail here, nevertheless, we may hold that, in some way, Deus providet, that is, God provides, or God foresees. Honestly, I dont know, but I would suspect hes not. I believe that the opinions expressed here are consistent with c. 212 3,
(concretely) a popular meeting, especially a religious congregation (Jewish synagogue, or Christian community of members on earth or saints in heaven or both) -- assembly, church. In Catholic canon law, under certain circumstances absent jurisdiction is replaced according to CIC c.144 1. Yes, Peters certainly must know his stuff and his is gracious in his correcting but is this another example of drawing a distinction without a differenceor difference without distinctiondifference w/o a difference? WebThis is its definition. The minister is merely a conduit of holiness that does not belong to him. Tonight, though, he forgot the consecration of the wine. The same is true for people in mortal sin who are for any reason unable to go to confession (such as during a global pandemic). Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. My concern is not with Fr. He gave out good, detailed study guides for his tests. : a political assembly of citizens of ancient Greek states. The purpose in saying such baptisms are invalid was to re-affirm the fundamental Catholic theology of baptism, not to be a stickler. Is he the only one? The Eucharist and Sacramental Validity, Part I, Is Confession Still an Easter Duty? Our goal is to honor and to foster a greater understanding of the rich liturgical traditions of the Catholic Church, and to answer the most important questions in the matters of faith. (1) common error, whether an error of fact or an error of law; or Are those outside of the Church saved? Planning on becoming a Protestant seminary professor, he started an intensive study of the Bible. for those who are beginning their study of the church's
The last priest said: God forgives you and so do I (really, thats what he actually said). After all, if a person is known to have been baptized invalidly, it only makes sense to redo it validly. All that matters for validity in this case is the words, the water on the head, and the intention to do what the Church does in baptism. Greg Hillis (@gregorykhillis) August 23, 2020. [4] (While baptism should ordinarily be performed by a clergyman, anyone may baptize in an extraordinary situation. A really tough teacher, of a difficult subject. How does this square? He has promised to do so. Grner Publishing Company Publication date January 1, 1968 ISBN-10 ), i. e. Christian assemblies, in contrast with those of the Jews, Galatians 1:22; , gathered from the Gentiles, Romans 16:4; , composed of the saints, 1 Corinthians 14:33. ' , the church in one's house, i. e. the company of Christians belonging to a person's family; others less aptly understand the phrase of the Christians accustomed to meet for worship in the house of someone (for as appears from 1 Corinthians 14:23, the whole Corinthian church was accustomed to assemble in one and the same place; (but see Lightfoot on Colossians 4:15)): Romans 16:5; 1 Corinthians 16:19; Colossians 4:15; Philemon 1:2. If not, you should move on with your life. Excommunication and the Catholic Church: Straight Answers to
6b. On August 23, noted Catholic Twitteratus[2] Tommy Tighe tweeted: there is nothing good that can come from obsessing over what exact words were said at my baptism 38 years ago, noting good at all, Tommy Tighe (@theghissilent) August 23, 2020. All translations of the 1983 Code are from the 1999 CLSA revision. The Church has no need to supply what is lacking since it can be obtained through the ordinary means. WebEcclesia [mediaeval Latin, and Greek - from : SUMMONED] -A regularly convoked assembly, especially the general assembly of Athenians. Liked this post? dietary supplement. The Church teaches that the desire (votum) for the sacrament is sufficient for salvation. The Church supplies the faculty. From a compound of ek and a derivative of kaleo; a calling out, i.e. If tragedy were to befall a hapless penitent, I think, like Fr. Thats what we need to know. Ah, our old, frequently misused friend, Ecclesia supplet. Since what was defective was sacramental form, I don't see how the Church's ability to supply jurisdiction helps our penitent. Web1. Hoffmans correct response to a reader who wondered whether the absolution he received was valid, given that the confessor changed the words of absolution from I absolve you from your sins to May God . It is contrary to the theology of St. Augustine that the CDF cited in opposing saying we baptize in the first place.[7]. ecclesia supplet. Confession, and General Absolution (Repost). That is the problem with this mentality. Ecclesia supplet does not remedy those cases wherein innocent persons bore the consequences of ministers making invalidating changes in sacramental form, and I don't think it does so for confession, either. Laypeople Can Always BaptizeBut When Should They? but I submit all to the ultimate judgment of the Catholic Church. We also know that God desires all people to be saved (1 Tim 2:4). Fr. He provides by giving us priests like Fr. ekklsia: an assembly, a (religious) congregation, a gathering of citizens called out from their homes into some public place; an assembly, any gathering or throng of men assembled by chance or tumultuously, an assembly of Christians gathered for worship. [5] CIC 860 1, Apart from a case of necessity, baptism is not to be conferred in private houses, unless the local ordinary has permitted it for a grave cause., [6] See CIC 861 2, When an ordinary minister is absent or impeded, a catechist or another person designated for this function by the local ordinary, or in a case of necessity any person with the right intention, confers baptism licitly., [7] See footnote 13 in the CDF document, which cites S. Theologian Greg Hillis put it well in this tweet: The deacon should have followed the rubrics. 3:15). or, What if we just say no to any liturgical change?. But who in their right mind makes their decisions in life based on this kind of doubt? a place in every canon lawyer's library." Bottom line the Mass was not valid. If so, what does it matter what the priest says? In the past Cathy has published articles both in scholarly journals and on various popular Catholic websites, including Real Presence Communications and Catholic Exchange. ecclesia supplet. We need to be wary lest we assume too quickly that Ecclesia supplet will remedy serious mistakes in ministry just because they were not the fault of the faithful. [3] That said, the CDF neither instructed nor encouraged anyone to check up on their baptism. ); and I even think He provides by giving the faithful the confidence to contact their confessors, and if necessary their bishops, to inform them of serious violations of the gift that is sacramental confession. Phone: (608) 521-0385 A: The legal principle that in certain situations the Church supplies, which Maria references in her question, might possibly be the most misunderstood concept in all of canon law. Questions about whether and how it applies routinely require even the most experienced canon lawyers to stop and think for a while before answering! While there are many situations where legal scholars can find themselves unsure about applying the principle of Ecclesia supplet, the particular situation raised by Maria is not one of them. Lets look at what this term means, and then see why it does not pertain in this particular case. " a most helpful tool both
The first principle is called Ecclesia supplet, which in Latin means the Church supplies. In sacramental theology, the principle means that the Church supplies whatever is lacking due to human error. Winers Grammar, 50, 4a. b. a company of Christians, or of those who, hoping for eternal Salvation through Jesus Christ, observe their own religious rites, hold their own religious meetings, and manage their own affairs according to regulations prescribed for the body for order's sake; aa. It is, in my opinion, regrettable that the CDF did not give an explanation of the second dubium about whether people need to be re-baptized (they do), as it did with the first dubium about whether the we formula is valid (its not). The first is the ecclesia, a large, bureaucratic religious organization that is a formal part of the state and has most or all of a states citizens as its God bless you. In a life-or-death emergency, you may baptize someone yourself, even in your kitchen sink or bathtub. Is I forgive you of all your sins valid? The sacraments work automatically, one might say, because it is Christ who does the work. This is part of Augustines broader campaign against Donatism, which was, as Augustine saw it, not a heresy but a schism. If we want to see our friends in heaven, we have to do everything we can to make this message clear to them. Former Diocese of Phoenix priest Dale Fushek is the founder of LifeTeen ministries. ecclesia supplet = the church supplements). For this one must voluntarily turn away from God (mortal sin) and persist in that state all the way to the end (CCC 1037). Rite Questions: Why does the priest choose different Eucharistic Prayers at Mass? Fr. I know whats Hes said through His Gospel, through His Church. ecclesia supplet = the church supplements). Who decides what is authentic liturgy. Heart Seminary &
Hoffman draws with equal facility on Sacred Scriptures, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, the Code of Canon Law, and a generally rich storehouse of ecclesiastical wisdom. How Can You Tell a Real Priest From a Fake? This is stated in the Catechism of the Catholic Church and even italicized for emphasis: God has bound salvation to the sacrament of Baptism, but he himself is not bound by his own sacraments (CCC 1257). Hoffman told the reader that such an absolution was invalid. The doctrine of ex opere operato does not mean they are magic rituals; it means that the power of the sacrament has nothing to do with the (un)worthiness of the minister. The letter
Hoffman told the reader that such an absolution was invalid. Remember earning whatever grade you got in his class maybe an A, more likely a B, or even a C and being grateful that you got that grade, but knowing that you got what you deserved, insofar as you followed his study guide and turned in well-written papers on time? It is Christ who baptizes. The Latin phrase Ecclesia supplet, or the Church supplies, is found in canon 144.1, the wording of which is exceptionally tricky to grasp: In factual or legal common Now, who wants to tell people that their submission to the authority of the Church was invalid though no fault of their own? If you follow a doubt-obsessed mode of thinking, however, you can always question whether the intention was correct. Most likely, this issue will be forgotten over the coming weeks because only very online Catholics will have heard of it in the first place. the universal (total) body of believers whom God calls out from the world and into His eternal kingdom. continental Europe's approach to the many canonical issues that
Plural, : Acts 15:41; 1 Corinthians 7:17; 2 Corinthians 8:19; Revelation 1:4; Revelation 3:6, etc. Later, the regular word for church. So now Maria has the answer to her question, and lets hope that other curious Catholics do too. In sacramental celebrations, the Church supplies a missing faculty if the conditions specified in canon 144.1 are present; but it doesnt supply anything else. All the more reason, then, why our clergy have to be especially careful to administer the sacraments with care, so that there is no doubt as to their validity. absolve you from your sins. Fr. As long as the sacred/magic words are said correctly, the sacrament is valid and Gods grace is bestowed. Take a second to support Where Peter Is on Patreon! Situations where an incorrect formula of baptism is usedregardless of error, doubt, or ignoranceare always considered invalid conferrals of the sacrament. Web(Lat. The cases of common error and positive and probable doubt of law or fact are not inventions of the SSPX but are Catholic exceptions to the normal disciplinary rule which have exited long before the SSPX because the supreme aim of the Church is the salvation of souls. That requires performing the works of mercy (salvation) or obstinate perseverance in mortal sin (damnation). To this I have two replies: firstly, that claim is unsubstantiated. Im a Catholic convert with a lot to learn still, so please excuse my ignorance. Fr. Against this, Augustine formulated the ideanow Catholic dogmathat the holiness bestowed in the sacraments, including baptism, comes from Christ, not the minister. ), but sacramental form. Canon 144.1 is inapplicable here and thus the Mass was not validly celebrated. Saved ( 1 Tim 2:4 ) the universal ( total ) body of believers whom God out! Purpose in saying such baptisms are invalid was to re-affirm the fundamental Catholic of. I would suspect hes not campaign against Donatism, which in Latin means the Church there is salvation..., I do n't see how the Church 's ability to supply jurisdiction helps penitent! And then see why it does not pertain in this particular case. he... Sins valid, frequently misused friend, Ecclesia supplet, Catholic News Live shutting down after 9 years ( baptism. Heresy but a schism was Boniface VIII wrong when he infallibly declared that of! The general assembly of citizens of ancient Greek states even in your kitchen sink or bathtub priest. And into His eternal kingdom Donatism, which in Latin means the Church supplies would suspect hes.. Thinking, however, you can always question whether the intention was correct Catholic! To see our friends in heaven, we have to do everything we to! Webecclesia [ mediaeval Latin, and then see why it does not belong him... If tragedy were to befall a hapless penitent, I do n't see how the supplies! At what this term means, and Greek - from: SUMMONED ] -A regularly convoked assembly especially... Heresy but a schism, detailed study guides for His tests the confuses! Your life it correctly also know that God desires all people to be a stickler anyone to check on. Is on Patreon professor, he started an intensive study of the Code of canon Law, under circumstances... Sacred/Magic words are said correctly, the sacrament is sufficient for salvation be a stickler a in... Calls out from the world and into His eternal kingdom frustrated canonists out there who sometimes wonder exactly the thing! Through His Gospel, through His Gospel, through His Gospel, His. Life based on this kind of doubt may baptize someone yourself, in! Who in their right mind makes their decisions in life based on this kind of doubt in,! The sacraments practically to magic formulas or incantations becoming a Protestant seminary professor, forgot... Performed by a clergyman, anyone may baptize in an extraordinary situation canon '' of the is. Law, under certain circumstances absent jurisdiction is replaced according to CIC c.144 1 someone... 144.1 is inapplicable here and thus the Mass was not validly celebrated Catholic! Now refers to a congregation the Code of canon Law ( CIC ) it only makes sense to redo validly. As long as the sacred/magic words are said correctly, the principle means that the desire ( )... Our penitent do too, of a difficult subject now Maria has the to... Re-Affirm the fundamental Catholic theology of baptism, not to be a.! As the sacred/magic words are said correctly, the sacrament, that is... Kind of doubt if we just say no to any liturgical change? but there are plenty of canonists. Called Ecclesia supplet, Catholic News Live shutting down after 9 years has often been abused to the. Church has no need to supply jurisdiction helps our penitent decisions in life based this! ( votum ) for the sacrament 1983 Code are from the world and into His eternal kingdom difficult.... Formula of baptism is usedregardless of error, doubt, or ignoranceare always considered invalid conferrals of the.. Is I forgive you of all your sins valid heresy but a schism honestly, I know... Most helpful tool both the first principle is called Ecclesia supplet, which in Latin the... Do everything we can to make this message clear to them purpose in saying such are. Mortal sin ( damnation ) what the priest choose different Eucharistic Prayers Mass... Priest Dale Fushek is the founder of LifeTeen ministries calling out, i.e c.144 1 canonists out there who wonder! There are plenty of frustrated canonists out there who sometimes wonder exactly the thing... That said, the principle means that the desire ( votum ) for the sacrament is and. Their decisions in life based on this kind of doubt, Part I, Confession. 3 ] that said, the CDF neither instructed nor encouraged anyone to check up on their baptism ) 23! To 6b to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts email. Translations of the Bible whether and how it applies routinely require even the most canon... In can though, he forgot the consecration of the sacrament is valid and Gods is. 2:4 ) and thus the Mass was not validly celebrated, Part I, is Confession still an Easter?... Principle means that the desire ( votum ) for the sacrament is valid and Gods grace bestowed! Diocese of Phoenix priest Dale Fushek is the founder of LifeTeen ministries to stop and for. Do n't see how the Church 's ability to supply what is lacking to! Fundamental Catholic theology of baptism, not to be a stickler refers to a.! Most helpful tool both the first principle is called Ecclesia supplet, which in Latin the! Performing the works of mercy ( salvation ) ecclesia supplet definition obstinate perseverance in mortal sin ( damnation ) Donatism which. Always considered invalid conferrals of the Church teaches that the Church there is no salvation shutting down 9. Sacramental Validity, Part I, is Confession still an Easter Duty library. mortal sin ( damnation.! Or obstinate perseverance in mortal sin ( damnation ) a place in canon! Good, detailed study guides for His tests also know that ecclesia supplet definition all... Her question, and Greek - from: SUMMONED ] -A regularly convoked assembly, especially the assembly! As long ecclesia supplet definition the sacred/magic words are said correctly, the sacrament is sufficient salvation! Still, so please excuse my ignorance your kitchen sink or bathtub penitent, I dont know, but are! In your kitchen sink or bathtub the minister is merely a conduit of holiness does! Greek - from: SUMMONED ] -A regularly convoked assembly, especially the general assembly of Athenians words said... Error, doubt, or ignoranceare always considered invalid conferrals of ecclesia supplet definition Code of canon Law, under certain absent... All to the ultimate judgment of the Church 's ability to supply what is lacking due to human error who... Decisions in life based on this kind of doubt: a political assembly of Athenians not to be stickler... Before answering guides for His tests [ 4 ] ( While baptism ordinarily. A Catholic convert with a lot to learn still, so please excuse my ignorance any... Need to supply jurisdiction helps our penitent her question, and lets hope that other Catholics..., misused friend, Ecclesia supplet is found in can would suspect hes not require..., if the concept confuses you, that may simply mean youre looking at it correctly intention correct! Lawyers to stop and think for a While before answering should move on with your life there are of! Are invalid was to re-affirm the fundamental Catholic theology of baptism, not to be saved ( Tim... If tragedy were to befall a hapless penitent, I dont know, there. An Easter Duty difficult subject His tests still, so please excuse my ignorance he infallibly declared that outside the! Ignoranceare always considered invalid conferrals of the Bible broader campaign against Donatism, which in Latin the... Grace is bestowed was sacramental form, I dont know, but there are plenty frustrated. Term Ecclesia, originally referring to a ecclesia supplet definition assembly of citizens of ancient Greek.... Friend, Ecclesia supplet, which was, as Augustine saw it not. Told the reader that such an absolution was invalid exactly the same thing regularly convoked assembly, especially general... Perseverance in mortal sin ( damnation ) an intensive study of the.. With your life the desire ( votum ) for the sacrament does it matter what the priest choose different Prayers... Refers to a political assembly of Athenians kaleo ; a calling out, i.e it applies require. Say, because it is Christ who does the work of canon Law ( CIC.. Hard to believe, but I submit all to the ultimate judgment of the wine reader that such an was. Means that the Church there is no salvation the general assembly of citizens in ancient Athens,,. The CDF neither instructed nor encouraged anyone to check up on their baptism look at what this term means and. Of believers whom God calls out from the 1999 CLSA revision '' of the Code of canon Law CIC... Is called Ecclesia supplet, Catholic News Live shutting down after 9.... It ecclesia supplet definition only makes sense to redo it validly works of mercy ( salvation ) or obstinate perseverance mortal. Broader campaign against Donatism, which in Latin means the Church there is no salvation a person known!, doubt, or ignoranceare always considered invalid conferrals of the Church supplies was not validly.... Gospel, through His Gospel, through His Gospel, through His Church of Phoenix priest Fushek. Catholic convert with a lot to learn still, so please excuse my ignorance desires all people be. It, not to be a stickler may baptize in an extraordinary situation rite questions: why does the.. Is lacking since it can be obtained through the ordinary ecclesia supplet definition your email to. Supply jurisdiction helps our penitent Donatism, which in Latin means the Church teaches that desire... Life based on this kind of doubt the minister is merely a conduit of holiness does. That claim is unsubstantiated world and into His eternal kingdom, through His,...
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