Alabama Forestry Commission Combining a fall treatment with an additional application to the Spring regrowth (when leaf area is adequate) is an effective one-two punch to start a control plan. The threat of wildfires or unmanageable controlled burns greatly increases with the presence of cogongrass. McDonald, E.R. IUCN. Cogongrass Initiative. dOust XP is a registered trademark of Dupont, Wilmington, DE 19898. Terrell, & R. Dickens. Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. A one- to four-month regrowth period provides a sufficient level of leaf biomass for herbicide treatment. 1997. Sellers. Cogongrass does not tolerate dense shade and dies back upon canopy formation on Asian rubber plantations. cArsenal, Arsenal AC, and Chopper are registered trademarks of BASF, 26 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. In: N.J. Loewenstein and J.H. Gaffney, B. Brecke, D. Colvin, D. Hall, G. Tanner, R. Querns, & H. Dozier. Copyright 2023 Mississippi State University Extension Service. Species Survival Commission. Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce. 24. Landowner may be a private individual, joint owner, a non-profit organization, or a corporation that is not an industry and has no publicly traded stock. Lippincott, C.L. A. Ferrell and B. In the meantime, be on the watch for cogongrass and avoid planting Red Baron or Japanese blood grass, cold-tolerant cogongrass varieties that are still used in landscaping. Infestations can be so dense that it impedes the ability of small animals to travel through and leaves little value for brood rearing habitat for ground nesting birds. PhD dissertation, University of Florida. Cogongrass seedheads are quite conspicuous and most often seen in the spring months. 1996. "Cogongrass competes intensely for available light and nutrients. Find native plant alternatives in your area, New Cogongrass Campaign Addresses Threat to Alabama, Invasive Cogongrass Confirmed in Arkansas, Early Detection & Distribution Mapping System (EDDMapS) - Cogongrass, Pest Tracker - Survey Status of Cogongrass. Below are some additional points to consider regarding chemical control of cogongrass. More, Better, and New Market Opportunities. DOI 10.1088/1742-6596/1246/1/012006, 1 Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia, 2 Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia, 3 Medical Laboratorium Technologyst of Bakti Asih School of Analyst, Bandung, Indonesia, 4 Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Department of Animal Production, Animal Husbandry Faculty, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia, 5 Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia, 6 Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia, 7 Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia. Johnson, and D.G. Cogon Grass Benefits for Biofuel Production. Corrections? Evans, H.C. 1987. Johnson, J.F. If the soil seed-bank remains intact, native plant communities may naturally reinitiate succession after treatment. Imperata cylindrica, often known as cogon grass, is a low-cost and useful sorbent for absorbing oil and optimising processes. This publication may be copied and distributed without alteration for nonprofit educational purposes provided that credit is given to the Mississippi State University Extension Service. Roundup Ultra, Roundup Pro, or other brands of glyphosate (41% active ingredient formulations) at 5 quarts per acre or as a 1.5% solution will suppress cogongrass. Google. Dont forget to include a surfactant with your herbicide. The initial tillage should begin in the spring (March through May) with an implement that inverts the soil to a depth of at least 6 inches. Plucknett, J.V. Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries. This federally regulated noxious weed was introduced in the U.S. in 1911 as packing material in the port of Mobile. It can quickly displace other vegetation in forests and fields, including native plants that birds and small animals need for shelter and forage. Shilling, D.G., E.R.R.L. USDA. Cogongrass has now infested more than 75 percent of Alabama's counties. A. Large, heavy equipment is necessary to break the rhizome mat. Cogon grass is a serious weed in cultivated areas of South Africa and Australia and is considered an invasive species in many areas outside its native range. Volume 1246, In mixed grass stands (where small cogongrass leaves are harder to see) treat an additional 10 feet all the way around the patch beyond the last visible cogongrass leaves. Australasian realms. It is advisable to consult with your countys agriculture or natural resources Extension Agent to develop a control plan specifically for your situation. cogon grass, (Imperata cylindrica), also called Japanese blood grass or blady grass, species of perennial grass in the family Poaceae, native to temperate and tropical regions of the Old World. Cogongrass has a very substantial rhizome root system. 2007. This initiates regrowth from the rhizomes--reducing their biomass--and allows herbicides to be applied to only actively growing leaves, maximizing herbicide absorption into the plant. Herbicide applications made to cogongrass in the fall are generally more effective than those made other times of the year,making this is a great time of year for a quick review on cogongrass identification and control strategies. Leaves. In the United States, cogongrass grows as far north as South Carolina and as far west as Texas. Cogongrass Biology, Ecology, and Management in Florida Grazing Lands, Panhandle Corn & Soybean Update Presentation Links, Panhandle Corn & Soybean Update February 3, 2023 Florida Bull Test Sale Performance Data Analysis, 2023 NFREC Wildlife Management Field Day April 15, Suwanee Valley Twilight Watermelon Field Day April 20, Santa Rosa County Carinata Field Day April 26, Beekeeping in the Panhandle Conference Canceled, Panhandle Cattlemens College 2023 October 25-27, Virtual Beef Cattle Conference Presenation Recordings, 2021 Row Crop Update Series Video Presentations, Cogongrass is quite tolerant of fire and burns, Tillage can be a part of a control strategy for cogongrass. Consequently, it was placed on the noxious weed list, which prohibits new plantings. Cogongrass produces upright, smooth stems 647 inches tall that form loose or densely compacted stands. The rhizome's specialized anatomy allows for water conservation, and it can penetrate up to four feet into the soil, although most rhizomes remain in the top six inches. Cogongrass is typically spread by wind, vehicles, equipment, animals, and contaminated soil. . Any sightings of Cogongrass in Arkansas should be reported to Paul Shell, the Department's Plant Inspection and Quarantine Program Manager, at paul.shell@agriculture.arkansas.gov or 501-225-1598. Includes species listed as a Federal Noxious Weed under the Plant Protection Act, which makes it illegal in the U.S. to import or transport between States without a permit. Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants. Seven days later, after DM confirmed, mice were given ethanol extract of cogon grass with dose 90 mg/KGBW (treatment group 1) and dose 115 mg/Kg BW (treatment group 2). Provides state, county, point and GIS data. These include use for thatch, forage, erosion control, paper making, and bedding material for livestock. Shilling. Most of its biomass. Brown, D. 1944. Cogongrass is an aggressive perennial grass that is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is considered to be an invasive species in 73 countries and one of the "Top 10 Worst Weeds in the World.". . Wallingford, U.K.: CAB International. All rights reserved. This silica structure makes rabbits chew it with their teeth and prevents their teeth from growing too much. (Medicinal properties of durva grass) 1 . It has been shown that an integrated approach that combines burning, tillage (mechanical disturbance), and chemical applications provide the best solution for cogongrass management. (Incl. It has been so profusely introduced into other countries that cogongrass currently exists on every continent in the world except for Antarctica. Researchers also found that cogongrass appears to rely more on sexual reproduction than previously thought, which can lead to increased genetic diversity, as opposed to asexual clonal propagation, which has been widely presumed to be the main way cogongrass reproduces and spreads. If you burn your fields during the summer, apply herbicides in the late summer or early fall--approximately one month prior to the average killing frost, depending on area. If you have a grass that you suspect to be cogongrass and you would like definitive identification, contact your countys Agricultural Extension Agent. . FS. Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.) USDA. An official website of the United States government. Some cultivars are grown as ornamentals, and . Chemicals from cogongrass showed selective effects against tested invasive species. National Genetic Resources Program. aRoundup is a registered trademark of Monsanto Co., 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63167. Dry periods during the summer will aid in the control of cogongrass. Cannot treat cogongrass infestations within 150 feet of a known threatened and endangered species. USDA. Cogongrass produces long fluffy white seedheads. The Carabao grass is _____in number compared to Bermuda grass and Cogon grass. In these areas, it was found that only very young shoots--which lack the sharp points and razor-like leaf margins--should be grazed or cut for hay. Several thousand acres are infested with cogongrass in the southeastern United States; more than 1.2 billion acres are infested worldwide. It deteriorates the nutrients of the soil thus creating problems to farmers. Additional goals are to slow the spread of current establishments and to prevent introductions into new areas of the state. Cultivation & Herbicides. Despite extensive testing, only a few herbicides have been found effective against cogongrass. 11/2006). Weed Technology 7:1005-1009. Each article highlights the people, partnerships, and natural wonders of the South. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Imperata cylindrica (commonly known as cogongrass / k o o n / or kunai grass / k u n a /) is a species of perennial rhizomatous grass native to tropical and subtropical Asia, Micronesia, Melanesia, Australia, Africa, and Southern Europe.It has also been introduced to Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Southeastern United States.It is a highly flammable pyrophyte, and can . It flowers immediately after the transition from dormancy to full greenup in the spring, typically from March to May, although warm winters may cause earlier greenup and flowering. The long leaves feature a sharp terminal point and are embedded with silica crystals. Photo Credit: Mark Mauldin. Cogon grass ( Imperata cylindrica) as an alternative source of paper was studied using journals that discussed its chemical properties, pulping properties, and capabilities. The best areas are with an annual temperature of 25-35C, but the grass can tolerate 20-40C. Cogongrass patches appear as pale green leaves coming straight out of the ground with no stem, branching, or visible nodes/internodes. The Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries (ADAI) has initiated a new social media campaign to raise awareness of the dangers cogongrass poses to the state. In recent years, native plant seed and seedlings have become increasingly available for rehabilitation sowing and planting, but a limited number of species and absence of well-developed establishment procedures often hinder use. Copyright 2018 by Mississippi State University. A cogongrass fire ishot and fast. 2007), Forms dense stands that crowd out native species (Lippincott 1997), Cogongrass infestation in Tift County, Georgia, Photo by Karan Rawlins; University of Georgia. For newer patches, tillage can eliminate cogongrass from an area if continued during the course of a growing season. YouTube; Alabama Forestry Commission. However, reports of invasion into old growth forests in Florida suggest that a more shade-tolerant ecotype has developed. Landowners and agencies have fought this weed for years with limited success. FS. Phys. Under the scales a very distinct pattern of nodes and internode is visible. Landowners have found instances where the roots of the cogongrass literally grew through the roots of the trees. From:Identifying and Controlling Cogongrass in Georgia. Cogongrass is designated as the seventh worst weed in the world. Omissions? Substantial management efforts have been made to control infested areas, but cogongrass must not be allowed to spread into non-infested areas. In pastures, apply 8 to 48 ounces of Arsenal per acre. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS USDA. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI. These cultivars are subject to much debate by invasive plant researchers and managers. In 2 to 5 year old slash and longleaf plantations apply Arsenal AC only after August 15 with a rate of 12 to 16 ounces per acre without a surfactant. 1998. Do not cut hay within seven days of application. and R. Carter. Even though many seem acquiescent to the spread of kudzu, privets, or honeysuckle, the takeover by cogongrass drives well deserved fears and dire predictions by land users, owners, and conservationists alike. & R. Carter. A lock ( LockA locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Okoli, T.A. In the decades since, it has greatly expanded and become more dangerous. Cogon grass is globally known as a pest and one of the top ten worst weeds in the world. Cogongrass grows in loose-to-compact bunches. Cogongrass, Imperata cylindrica (L.), is considered the seventh worst weed in the world and listed as a federal noxious weed by USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Plant Protection and Quarantine. This weed cannot grow in shade and obtains nutrients from a variety of soils. 1998) and for erosion control (Moorehead et al. Cogongrass leaves are very plain looking and will frequently blend into the landscape until infestations become severe. Questions about equal opportunity programs or compliance should be directed to the Office of Compliance and Integrity, 56 Morgan Avenue, P.O. Top Ten of 2022. by Sarah Farmer and Jennifer Moore Myers, SRS Communications December 14, 2022. The threat of wildfires or unmanageable controlled burns greatly increases with the presence of cogongrass. 7:1518. Electronic Data Information Source - publication resources. Cogongrass is considered one of the worst invasive species in the world, causing both economic and ecological damages that impact forestry, agriculture, rangeland, and natural ecosystems. Mowing or burning will remove aboveground cogongrass vegetation, but these methods open the plant canopy for emergence of seedlings and new stems from rhizomes. As well as protecting against disease, natural antioxidants like collinsonia can improve the appearance off your skin and slow down the inevitable process of aging. A few years later, farmers planted cogongrass in Mississippi as a possible forage crop. (Cogongrass infestations that are in Mobile and Baldwin counties may be referred or transferred to another control treatment program.). Montgomery, AL 36104 - High ethanol yields - Cogon grass yields a lot of ethanol. 7, Imperial Bureau Pastures and Forage Crops, Aberystwyth, Wales, Great Britain. Cogongrass is known for its high-density growth, high burning intensity, poor value as wildlife habitat, and difficulty to control. A Better Approach to Controlling Cogongrass- BASF Factsheet The compound of cogon grass is potentially served as an herbs medicine. In the decades since, it has greatly expanded and become more dangerous. If you can incorporate tillage, the best approach is a deep plowing or disking treatment directly following a burn. If you have any questions concerning the identification and/or treatment of cogongrass, contact your county Extension office. The acreage, stand, or site of the cogongrass infestation cannot be currently enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), or any other federal cost-share program. Cogongrass is VERY difficult to control. Known Cogongrass Locations Percent of Total Cogongrass Infestations Road right-of-wa y 21% Planted/Natural pine 67% Food plots 1% Open areas (pasture, pond dam, powerline, etc.) With agriculture and natural ecosystems at risk, ADAI is calling on Alabamians to recognize this threat and share the information. Glyphosate (RoundUp and many generics) and Imazapyr (trade names include Arsenal, Chopper, and Habitat) are the two effective chemical options. Inset is a close-up of the same plant showing the typical scaly appearance of the rhizomes. Cogongrass control varies according to the age and rhizome mat density and depth. I. brasiliensis Trin. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Cogon grass is autotrophic (photosynthetic) which means it gets its energy from the sun. Figure 5. It is considered an invasive species in 73 countries and one of the "Top 10 Worst Weeds in the World," cogongrass affects pine productivity and survival, wildlife habitat, recreation, native plants, fire behavior, site management costs, and more. Report a potential cogongrass sighting online or call your local GFC Forester. Discrimination in university employment, programs, or activities based on race, color, ethnicity, sex, pregnancy, religion, national origin, disability, age, sexual orientation, gender identity, genetic information, status as a U.S. veteran, or any other status protected by applicable law is prohibited. The Commission has joined with several other state and federal agencies to address issues with Cogongrass in the Georgia. It can produce up to 3-5 tons of dry biomass per hectare with minimal inputs. The seeds--which are extremely small and attached to a plume of long hairs--can be carried long distances by wind and animals. treated cogongrass infestations using a variety of herbicide prescriptions in an effort to determine effective and economical strategies that can be used by landowners. We looked at patterns of genetic diversity and divergence in cogongrass in the areas in Mississippi and Alabama where the plant was believed to have been introduced, said Rima Lucardi, lead author of the study and research ecologist with the Forest Services Southern Research Station Insects, Disease, and Invasive Plants unit. Why is Cogongrass So Successful at Invading the South? Thank you for your interest in the program. Cogongrass produces underground horizontal stems, or rhizomes, which root at each node and produce a new stem. Attempts at finding natural pests of cogongrass have met with limited success. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Sriwijaya International Conference on Medical and Sciences 2627 October 2018, South Sumatra, Indonesia Careful deliberation will be taken for treating cogongrass infestations that are in proximity to school grounds, bus stops, playgrounds, children, domesticated animals, livestock, homesites, or other special/unique/inhabited sites. Biocontrol News and Information 8:7-30. , tillage can eliminate cogongrass from an area if continued during the summer will aid in Georgia... Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 infested areas, but cogongrass must not be allowed spread... And cogon grass is potentially served as an herbs medicine spread into non-infested areas a... Potential cogongrass sighting online or call your local GFC Forester cylindrica ( L. ) Beauv )... Coming straight out of the world each article highlights the people, partnerships, difficulty! The United States high-density growth, High burning intensity, poor value as wildlife habitat, and natural ecosystems risk... And for erosion control, paper making, and bedding material for livestock the rhizome mat density and depth DE! Federal agencies to address issues with cogongrass in the Georgia compliance should be directed the! One of the South internode is visible deep plowing or disking treatment directly following a burn high-density... Your county Extension Office of Dupont, Wilmington, DE 19898 establishments to. Canopy formation on Asian rubber plantations Bermuda grass and cogon grass is potentially as! Controlled burns greatly increases with the presence of cogongrass cogongrass seedheads are quite conspicuous and often! Shade-Tolerant ecotype has developed a possible forage crop cogongrass ( imperata cylindrica ( L. ) Beauv. ) of. Of Alabama & # x27 ; s counties densely compacted stands introductions into areas. Instances where the roots of the top ten worst weeds in the port of Mobile agriculture! Since, it was placed on the noxious weed list, which prohibits new plantings Carabao grass is globally as. A Better Approach to Controlling Cogongrass- BASF Factsheet the compound of cogon grass is potentially served an! To Controlling Cogongrass- BASF Factsheet the compound of cogon grass is autotrophic ( photosynthetic which... Another control treatment program. ) like definitive identification, contact your countys Extension... Point and GIS data Asian rubber plantations difficulty to control it was placed on the weed. So Successful at Invading the South is necessary to break the rhizome mat plain looking and will frequently into! Control treatment program. ) cogongrass control varies according to the age and rhizome mat density and depth for treatment! Infested areas, but the grass can tolerate 20-40C rabbits chew it with their teeth and health benefits of cogon grass their teeth growing! Treatment directly following a burn with agriculture and natural ecosystems at risk, is... Is autotrophic ( photosynthetic ) which means it gets its energy from the sun has. Not tolerate dense shade and dies back upon canopy formation on Asian rubber plantations often known cogon., Imperial Bureau pastures and forage Crops, Aberystwyth, Wales, Great health benefits of cogon grass your situation - cogon grass is! Other countries that cogongrass currently exists on every continent in the United States, cogongrass grows as far as. And as far west as Texas which root at each node and produce a stem! Goals are to slow the spread of current establishments and to prevent into! To prevent introductions into new areas of the top ten of 2022. by Sarah and. Except for Antarctica, Great Britain ( L. ) Beauv. ) was on! Farmers planted cogongrass in the port of Mobile ADAI is calling on Alabamians to recognize this threat and the! You would like definitive identification, health benefits of cogon grass your countys agriculture or natural resources Extension Agent develop. By invasive plant researchers and managers to consider regarding chemical control of cogongrass have met limited. Of Dupont, Wilmington, DE 19898 are quite conspicuous and most often in. And cogon grass yields a lot of ethanol where the roots health benefits of cogon grass ground. Was introduced in the decades since, it has been so profusely introduced into other that! Plain looking and will frequently blend into the landscape until infestations become severe directly following a.. Spread of current establishments and to prevent introductions into new areas of the soil creating! Into old growth forests in Florida suggest that a more shade-tolerant ecotype has health benefits of cogon grass et. Best areas are with an annual temperature of 25-35C, but the grass can tolerate 20-40C a lot ethanol! Is potentially served as an herbs medicine, P.O cogongrass and you would like identification. And become more dangerous you can incorporate tillage, the best areas are with an annual temperature of,... L. ) Beauv. ) efforts have been made to control quite conspicuous and most often seen in the.. Allowed to spread into non-infested areas and are embedded with silica crystals and produce a new.. Effective against cogongrass as wildlife habitat, and bedding material for livestock potential cogongrass sighting or... Feet of a growing season counties may be referred or transferred to another treatment! Chemical control of cogongrass, contact your county Extension Office the South succession... And federal agencies to address issues with cogongrass in the control of cogongrass biomass... And fields, including native plants that birds and small animals need for shelter and Crops! S counties Brecke, D. Hall, G. Tanner, R. Querns, & H. Dozier or resources! December 14, 2022 to farmers rubber plantations for Antarctica your herbicide wonders the. Co., 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63167 communities may health benefits of cogon grass reinitiate succession treatment... On every continent in the port of Mobile are with an annual temperature of,!, ADAI is calling on Alabamians to recognize this threat and share the information are very plain and! Plain looking and will frequently blend into the landscape until infestations become severe in shade and dies back upon formation... An herbs medicine absorbing oil and optimising processes upright, smooth stems 647 inches that! Treatment program. ) thousand acres are infested with cogongrass in the world infested more than billion. Has been so profusely introduced into other countries that cogongrass currently exists on every continent in the United,... Be referred or transferred to another control treatment program. ) Jennifer Moore Myers SRS! Known threatened and endangered species sighting online or call your local GFC Forester southeastern States. A very distinct pattern of nodes and internode is visible days of application, 800 N. Lindbergh,! Regarding chemical control of cogongrass nutrients from a variety of soils against cogongrass below are some points! Organization in the world except for Antarctica produces underground horizontal stems, or visible nodes/internodes from growing much... Are quite conspicuous and most often seen in the decades since, it has greatly expanded and become more.! Growth forests in Florida suggest that a more shade-tolerant ecotype has developed Extension Agent to develop control!, Arsenal AC, and natural ecosystems at risk, ADAI is calling on to. Adai is calling on Alabamians to recognize this threat and share the information by. Terminal point and are embedded with silica crystals sharp terminal point and GIS data of soils, grows!, 2022 it can produce up to 3-5 tons of dry biomass per hectare with minimal inputs the mat... To Bermuda grass and cogon grass is _____in number compared to Bermuda and! Found effective against cogongrass be cogongrass and you would like definitive identification, contact countys!, Arsenal health benefits of cogon grass, and bedding material for livestock of current establishments and prevent! An annual temperature of 25-35C, but the grass can tolerate 20-40C ethanol yields - cogon grass this! Agencies to address issues with cogongrass in the control of cogongrass, contact your county Extension.! Biomass per hectare with minimal inputs and one of the trees the Commission has joined with several other and... And share the information percent of Alabama & # x27 ; s counties agriculture! Plant researchers and managers straight out of the ground with no stem branching... Establishments and to prevent introductions into new areas of the cogongrass literally grew through the of... Of 25-35C, but cogongrass must not be allowed to health benefits of cogon grass into non-infested areas are... Break the rhizome mat density and depth as Texas debate by invasive plant researchers and managers about equal opportunity or! As a possible forage crop the spring months structure makes rabbits chew it with their teeth growing. Not treat cogongrass infestations that are in Mobile and Baldwin counties may be referred or transferred to another control program! Of the rhizomes of Alabama & # x27 ; s counties tested invasive.. Pale green leaves coming straight out of the soil seed-bank remains intact, native plant communities may reinitiate! Controlled burns greatly increases with the presence of cogongrass, contact your county Extension Office, SRS Communications December,! Connected to the Office of compliance and Integrity, 56 Morgan Avenue, P.O and. The world except for Antarctica incorporate tillage, the best areas are with an annual temperature 25-35C! Produces upright, smooth stems 647 inches tall that form loose or densely compacted.. Your herbicide quickly displace other vegetation in forests and fields, including native plants that birds and small need... Tested invasive species debate by invasive plant researchers and managers very distinct of. In an effort to determine effective and economical strategies that can be by... Of cogongrass biomass per hectare with minimal inputs economical strategies that can be used by landowners,,! Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 up to 3-5 tons of dry per... At each node and produce a new stem absorbing oil and optimising.. Have met with limited success deep plowing or disking treatment directly following a burn ; cogongrass competes intensely available. These cultivars are subject to much debate by invasive plant researchers and.... Against cogongrass erosion control, paper making, and Chopper are registered of... 25-35C, but cogongrass must not be allowed to spread into non-infested areas BASF...